Recent Advances in 3D Printed Sensors: Materials, Design, and Manufacturing

Abstract

Market research shows that the global 3D printing market size was $16.54 billion in 2021 and is expected to have a growth rate of 21.0% from 2021 to 2028. The global market will reach around $63 billion by 2028. [1] 3D printing has been used in different environments ranging from ambient home and office use, bioimplant printing, to zero gravity space 3D printing, such as functional living organism's body parts, [2] and zero-gravity 3D printing in the international space station. [3] Apart from lab printing of delicate designs, 3D printing technology is being used for industrial [4] and construction [5] purposes. It has gained research and industrial interests in broad areas, including biomedical applications, [6,7] lightweight engineering materials, [7][8][9][10] electronics and sensors, [11] fiber-reinforced and multifunctional composites, [8,9,[12][13][14][15][16][17] and shape morphing designs. [6,18] Among different 3D printed devices, 3D printed sensors have been attracting significant attention. In sensors manufacturing, it is important for 3D printing of complementary accessories, embedded sensing components, as well as seamless fabrication of whole sensors [19] .Traditional manufacturing methods, such as coating and injection molding, are incompatible for fabricating complex structured sensors.

Species-Selective Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds by Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolyte Using Electrochemical Methods

“…To test the reliability of the classification system, acetone was tested in 10% IL/DMSO electrolyte that contained 1 wt % of TiO 2 nanoparticles. It is known that TiO 2 nanoparticles are very sensitive to acetone and have been frequently used to fabricate acetone sensors and other types of energy devices. − However, the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles did not affect the detection of acetone; the voltammogram for acetone in the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles (Figure S5) was identical to the case in the absence of TiO 2 nanoparticles (Figure e). This result confirmed the classification system was able to precisely identify VOCs without interference by solid impurities, even if they are sensitive to the analyte.…”

“…However, they are also limited by high cost, low detection speed, and high complexity, which make them unsuitable for early-stage diagnosis or frequent detections of harmful substances on field. Alternatively, VOCs could also be detected by several types of commercial detectors, mainly metal oxide sensors (MOS), photoionization detectors (PIDs), and electrochemical (EC) sensors. − MOS detectors are less expensive, portable, and easy to use, but they suffer from low selectivity, cross-sensitivity, and calibration difficulties, which result in low reproducibility. PIDs are more expensive but more sensitive than MOS detectors that usually can detect VOCs at ppb levels with dynamic detection range (around 1 ppb to 1000 ppm). , They are efficient and robust in most situations but not suitable for advanced applications, especially when the detection environment is changing.…”

Development of Pure Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) with Excellent 3D Printability and Macro‐ and Micro‐Structural Properties

“…Sample 5, which is printed with a velocity of 10 mm s −1 , raster angle 0, has the best mechanical properties among all samples. Compared to the worst sample (2), this model has the superiority of 3.77 and 4.98 times higher strength in tensile and flexural strength, respectively. PLA T, V, ID 45.27 [65] PLA LT, V, T, ND 45.82 [66] Nylon ID, V, LT 43.50 [67] PEEK ND, T, LT 73 [68] PEEK ND, V 74.24 [69] PEEK T, LT 77 [50] conventional and commercial thermoplastics used in FDM such as ABS, PLA, PETG, and Nylon.…”

“…Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a newly emerged fabrication method that can produce complex geometries without molds, considerable material waste, and heavy peripherals. [ 1–3 ] This technique is based on the deposition of 2D sliced layers on top of each other to create a 3D object. [ 4,5 ] The intrinsic latitude of the AM technique has brought unique practicality for manufacturing particular customized samples in the biomedical, automotive, aerospace, construction, and food industries.…”

Patterning (Electro)chemical Treatment-Free Electrodes with a 3D Printing Pen

“…The need for cost-effective analysis in scarce-resource regions is crucial for developing new disposable electrochemical sensors. − Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been extensively used for this purpose. Additive manufacturing, a 3D printing technology, is a digitally controlled deposition process of materials to produce three-dimensional (3D) objects. , The approach consists of successively depositing the material layer-by-layer, resulting in the desired object.…”