Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D scaffolds: A review

Abstract

Considering the advantages and disadvantages of biomaterials used for the production of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering, new strategies for designing advanced functional biomimetic structures have been reviewed. We offer a comprehensive summary of recent trends in development of single- (metal, ceramics and polymers), composite-type and cell-laden scaffolds that in addition to mechanical support, promote simultaneous tissue growth, and deliver different molecules (growth factors, cytokines, bioactive ions, genes, drugs, antibiotics, etc.) or cells with therapeutic or facilitating regeneration effect. The paper briefly focuses on divers 3D bioprinting constructs and the challenges they face. Based on their application in hard and soft tissue engineering, in vitro and in vivo effects triggered by the structural and biological functionalized biomaterials are underlined. The authors discuss the future outlook for the development of bioactive scaffolds that could pave the way for their successful imposing in clinical therapy.

Proteins and Peptides as Important Modifiers of the Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications—A Review

“…The adhesive glycoproteins, i.e., fibronectin, laminins, and vitronectin, play a key role in supporting cell migration and adhesion to ECM. Among these proteins, fibronectin and laminins are mainly used for modification of both natural and synthetic biomaterials in order to improve their biocompatibility [3,6,7,9,12,15,18,19,[72][73][74]].…”

“…Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering applications, because it retains properties of natural tissues or organs, such as composition, architecture, and integrity, as well as biochemical and biological activities [9,102]. Similar to native ECM, dECM consists of heterogeneous mixture of proteins (i.e., collagen, laminins, fibronectin, and GFs), PGs, and GAGs, and thus it constitutes a proper template for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [103,104].…”

“…Similar to native ECM, dECM consists of heterogeneous mixture of proteins (i.e., collagen, laminins, fibronectin, and GFs), PGs, and GAGs, and thus it constitutes a proper template for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [103,104]. Nevertheless, the dECM is deprived of cellular components, which decreases an inflammatory response in the host organism [9,105]. To derive dECM from tissues, perfusion decellularization is most often used.…”

“…Scaffolds are three-dimensional (3D) matrices, which mimic native extracellular matrix (ECM) to support cell growth. Therefore, they should be biocompatible, biodegradable at the desired rate, porous, and mechanically stable [6,[9][10][11]. Considering these requirements, the scaffolds based on natural and synthetic polymers alone, as well as composites, exhibit the highest biomedical potential [12][13][14].…”

Artificial scaffolds that mimic the plant extracellular environment for the culture and attachment of plant cells

“…These devices rely on appropriate substrates for the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of cells to form the desired tissue. By modifying the physical and chemical properties of the substrates, these devices allow nuanced control of the biochemical and mechanical microenvironment for tissue engineering 24,25 . In plant systems, 3D…”