“…improve electrical conductivity and catalytic activity, amplifies biorecognition events), usage of different kind of nanomaterials, development of aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for multi-target analysis [ 52 ], 53 ] | Detect pathogenic microorganisms | Rapid, real-time, easy to carry out, and less labor-intensive | More sensitive and specific portable biosensor for utilization on farms to detect pathogens of fresh produce surface | [ 54 ] |
Detect fungal and bacterial toxins | High specific affinity, good chemical stability, low cost, easy to synthesis and modification | Sunlight powered and self-powered biosensor, split-type PEC biosensors and integrating PEC biosensing with arrays, microfluidics and chips for high-throughput and automation analysis | [ 55 ] |
Detect chemical contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, pesticides) | Low cost, continuous, specific, real-time, rapid, multiple analysis | Lower production cost to promote commercialization, modular assembly for real-time POC analysis, incorporation with nanotechnology and CRISPR-Cas-based diagnosis | [ 56 , 57 ] |
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