Reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) with H2 to
N2 and water is an attractive process for the decomposition
of this greenhouse gas to environmentally benign species. Herein,
a series of iridium complexes based on proton-responsive pincer ligands
(1–4) are shown to catalyze the hydrogenation
of N2O under mild conditions (2 bar H2/N2O (1:1), 30 °C). Among the tested catalysts, the Ir complex 4, based on a lutidine-derived CNP pincer ligand having nonequivalent
phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) side donors, gave rise
to the highest catalytic activity (turnover frequency (TOF) = 11.9
h–1 at 30 °C, and 16.4 h–1 at 55 °C). Insights into the reaction mechanism with 4 have been obtained through NMR spectroscopy. Thus, reaction
of 4 with N2O in tetrahydrofuran-d
8 (THF-d
8) initially produces
deprotonated (at the NHC arm) species 5
NHC
, which readily reacts with H2 to regenerate the
trihydride complex 4. However, prolonged exposure of 4 to N2O for 6 h yields the dinitrogen Ir(I) complex 7
P
, having a deprotonated (at the
P-arm) pincer ligand. Complex 7
P
is a poor catalytic precursor in the N2O hydrogenation,
pointing out to the formation of 7
P
as a catalyst deactivation pathway. Moreover, when the reaction
of 4 with N2O is carried out in wet THF-d
8, formation of a new species, which has been
assigned to the hydroxo species 8, is observed. Finally,
taking into account the experimental results, density functional theory
(DFT) calculations were performed to get information on the catalytic
cycle steps. Calculations are in agreement with 4 as
the TOF-determining intermediate (TDI) and the transfer of an apical
hydrido ligand to the terminal nitrogen atom of N2O as
the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS), with very similar reaction
rates for the mechanisms involving either the NHC– or the P–CH2 pincer methylene linkers.