Recent advances in electrocatalysts for seawater splitting in hydrogen evolution reaction

Recent advances in direct seawater splitting for producing hydrogen

“…5(a)). 15,43,44 AWE technology has many advantages. For example, the activity and durability of non-noble metal catalysts are not compromised due to the use of alkali metal hydroxide aqueous electrolyte.…”

Efficient Cocatalyst-Free Piezo-Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Defective BaTiO3–x Nanoparticles from Seawater

“…That is, the formation of chlorine gas (CER), hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite is a two-electron reaction and so is dominated by the kinetics, whereas the OER is a four-electron reaction and so is dominated by equilibrium thermodynamics. 63 A further consideration is the concentration of Cl − , where low concentrations leverage the lower CER potential compared to that of OER, which would enhance the efficiency of the complementary HER reaction. In contrast, high concentrations can hinder these reactions owing to the generation of hypochlorite; although, simple blockage of active sites also is possible.…”

“…The competition between HER and OER is affected by the electron reactions. That is, the formation of chlorine gas (CER), hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite is a two-electron reaction and so is dominated by the kinetics, whereas the OER is a four-electron reaction and so is dominated by equilibrium thermodynamics . A further consideration is the concentration of Cl – , where low concentrations leverage the lower CER potential compared to that of OER, which would enhance the efficiency of the complementary HER reaction.…”

Designing electrocatalysts for seawater splitting: surface/interface engineering toward enhanced electrocatalytic performance

“…As a multifunctional modulation strategy, there is an extensively growing interest in using surface/interface engineering to enhance the catalytic activity of seawater electrolysis catalysts, but insufficient attention has been paid to the regulation of selectivity and stability. Recently, there have been presentations of reviews specifically focused on surface/interface engineering-regulated electrochemical activity, 37,38 and some literature 39,40 also partly touches upon selectivity and stability, but these reviews have been less comprehensive. Accordingly, it is timely and necessary to present updates and report on recent advances in surface/interface engineering used for direct seawater electrolysis.…”