Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors based on graphene two-dimensional nanomaterials

Graphene-like 2D nanomaterial-based biointerfaces for biosensing applications

“…Probe ssDNA linked to Au NPs can hybridize with target DNA and the decreased electrochemical signal was observed using [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3−/4− solution as probe. This novel DNA sensor showed a broad detection range from 0.01 to 500 pM with a detection limit of 0.0023 pM, which was comparable with those of graphene-based DNA electrochemical sensors (Song et al 2016). It is noted the resultant assay possessed robust discrimination ability to detect one-base mismatched DNA, three-base mismatched DNA and non-complementary DNA sequence.…”

Competitive voltammetric morphine immunosensor using a gold nanoparticle decorated graphene electrode

“…Graphene, the recent member of the carbon nanomaterials family, have shown interesting applications in many biosensing applications [25]. Particularly, the use of graphene in electrochemical biosensors has received more attention [26] due to its excellent conductivity, high stability, fast electron transfer rate and large surface area.…”

Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres wrapped with graphene nanostructure for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing of parachlorophenol

“…However, graphene generally tends to form irreversible agglomerates or even restack to form graphite through the π-π interactions and van der Waals force, and the easy aggregation of graphene during the processing could largely reduce its surface area and lessen the number of the electrochemically active sites Lin et al, 2013), which is not beneficial for sensing PCP by electrochemical method. In fact, for resolving the aggregation of graphene, various protective reagents, such as octadecylamine (Che et al, 2010), surfactants (Li et al, 2008), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium ions (Acik et al, 2012) and DNA (Guo et al, 2010;Song et al, 2016), have been used for improving the dispersibility of graphene, whereas the presence of protective reagents may lead to the reduction of the effective surface area and conductivity, this will inevitably decrease the analytical performance of graphene Shi et al, 2014;Zhu et al, 2016). Most recently, a new method, novel carbon materials as "spacers" between graphene sheets has been developed to prevent the aggregation of graphene for lithium-sulfur batteries (Zhou et al, 2015a), capacitive deionization , catalytic , methanol oxidation (Zhu et al, 2014) and supercapacitor (Liu et al, 2015b), whereas little in electrochemical sensing.…”