Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope

Abstract

The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) into current or voltage. Electrochemical biosensors depict propitious diagnostic technology which can detect biomarkers in body fluids such as sweat, blood, feces, or urine. Combinations of suitable immobilization techniques with effective transducers give rise to an efficient biosensor. They have been employed in the food industry, medical sciences, defense, studying plant biology, etc. While sensing complex structures and entities, a large data is obtained, and it becomes difficult to manually interpret all the data. Machine learning helps in interpreting large sensing data. In the case of biosensors, the presence of impurity affects the performance of the sensor and machine learning helps in removing signals obtained from the contaminants to obtain a high sensitivity. In this review, we discuss different types of biosensors along with their applications and the benefits of machine learning. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges, missing gaps in the knowledge, and solutions in the field of electrochemical biosensors. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the type of electrochemical biosensors, their applications, the importance of machine learning (ML) in biosensing, and challenges and future outlook.

Hybrid Nanobioengineered Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

“…Electrochemical nanobiosensors are devices designed as alternatives to conventional laboratory-based detection techniques for disease diagnosis due to their robustness, small size, user-friendly operation, amenability for miniaturization, and potential for personalized diagnosis [4][5][6]. Electrochemical nanobiosensors comprise electroactive transducer platforms that anchor specific and selective bioreceptors, generating a nanobioconjugate.…”

Quantification of Tyrosine in Pharmaceuticals with the New Biosensor Based on Laccase-Modified Polypyrrole Polymeric Thin Film

“…Furthermore, knowing the concentration of L-Tyr in a pharmaceutical product can provide accurate information about the bioavailability of the drug in the body and the amount of active substance in relation to the rate at which it is absorbed into the body. The essence of a biosensor is to convert the biological response into an electrical signal, and to manufacture it, materials such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids are used, which requires multidisciplinary research in chemistry, medicine, pharmacy, biology, and engineering [ 3 , 4 ].…”

SERSNet: Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based Biomolecule Detection Using Deep Neural Network

“…Hassoun et al [ 7 ] proposed an SVM-based classification model to classify three cell types. Singh et al [ 8 ] reviewed recent advancements in electrochemical biosensors and the application of machine learning in these biosensing applications including the SERS biosensors. In addition, some of the recent studies have also demonstrated successful biosensing applications in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 related proteins or in the detection of the virus itself [ 9 , 10 ].…”