Recent Advances in Fluorescence Light‐Up Endogenous and Exogenous Carbon Monoxide Detection in Biology

Abstract

Considerable attention has been paid by the scientific community to detect toxic carbon monoxide (CO) in sub-cellular organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclei, etc. due to their generation and accumulation through numerous biological processes and their role as signal transducer, therapeutics, etc. Various methods are also available for detection of CO, but fluorescence light-up detection is considered the best due to its easy and accurate sensing capability. As of now, no review is available in the literature dedicated to fluorescent detection of only CO both in vitro and in vivo, but considering the huge amount of work reporting every year, it is necessary to have an account of all the recent significant works devoted to it. This review will give special attention to the most noteworthy development of fluorescent light-up probes for the detection of cellular and sub-cellular targetable CO starting from 2012 and emphasizing also the mechanism of action and the applications.

A TCF-Based Carbon Monoxide NIR-Probe without the Interference of BSA and Its Application in Living Cells

“…Numerous advantages, such as its nondestructive quality, convenience, deep tissue penetration, high sensitivity, and spatiotemporal resolution, render it irreplaceable for detecting intracellular biological molecules in living systems [23][24][25]. A number of fluorescent probes for the specific detection of CO have been proposed [26][27][28][29][30][31]. Chang et al reported the first organic palladium complexes' fluorescent probes (COP-1) to detect endogenous CO in 2012 [32].…”

A new metal-free benzorhodol-based photoluminophore selective for carbon monoxide detection applicable in both in vitro and in vivo bioimaging

“…Carbon monoxide (CO) generated from the incomplete combustion of fuels is generally considered one of the most toxic gases responsible for the pollution of the environment as its inhalation causes the reduction of oxygen (O 2 ) transport by hemoglobin, leading to health hazards including increased chest pain, headache, and even death, and affecting the central nervous system via impaired reaction timing (permissible limit 10-300 ppm). 1 In contrast, CO at a very low concentrations behaves as a key endogenous gaseous signal molecule, leading to a positive inuence on physiological and pathophysiological processes. [1][2][3][4] Several diseases like Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, inammation and heart failure are the result of the misregulation or abnormal metabolism of CO levels.…”

“…1 In contrast, CO at a very low concentrations behaves as a key endogenous gaseous signal molecule, leading to a positive inuence on physiological and pathophysiological processes. [1][2][3][4] Several diseases like Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, inammation and heart failure are the result of the misregulation or abnormal metabolism of CO levels. [5][6][7][8] Thus, it is important to develop very low-level CO detection to understand the physiological pathway using endogenous CO in subcellular organelles to explore its health benecial mechanism.…”

“…For this purpose, the uorimetric technique is an excellent choice to obtain brilliant results using small molecules as a uorescent probe over various other techniques such as chromogenic detection, electrochemical analysis, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and Raman spectroscopy. 1,[9][10][11] Up to now, several uorophores for CO detection have been proposed and even applied for in situ tracing in mice and living cells, but yet remain in their infancy. 1,[12][13][14] Most of them work well in an aqueous medium with a high content of organic solvents.…”

“…1,[9][10][11] Up to now, several uorophores for CO detection have been proposed and even applied for in situ tracing in mice and living cells, but yet remain in their infancy. 1,[12][13][14] Most of them work well in an aqueous medium with a high content of organic solvents. An additional common concern is the near-universal use of the precious palladium ion (Pd 2+ ) as an associated substrate in the probe design or catalytic sensing of carbon monoxide (Table S1, ESI †), except for one metal-free carbon monoxide chemosensor.…”