Recent advances in fluorescent probes of peroxynitrite: Structural, strategies and biological applications

Abstract

Peroxynitrite (ONOO - ), owing to its high oxidative and nitrating stress, is associated with several physiological processes in addition to various pathological processes, including those related to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Detection of ONOO - at the cellular level is of great significance to understand its pathogenesis. To this end, a variety of fluorescent probes based on small molecules and nanoparticles (NPs) have been engineered and applied as excellent tools for imaging of ONOO - in cells as well as in their diverse biological applications. In this review, we highlight representative cases of fluorescent probes based on recognition mechanism and emphasize their response type (ratiometric, two-photon, long-wavelength/near-infrared, and targeting) in ONOO - detection in the last five years. We further discuss their design strategy, sensing mechanism, and application in bio-imaging and describe NP-based probes according to diverse nanoplatforms.

Simultaneous Visualization and Depletion of Peroxynitrite by a Simple Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoprobe for Preventing Breast Cancer Metastasis after Surgery

“…Peroxynitrite (ONOO – ) is an active substance with strong oxidation, playing a crucial role in a range of physiological processes, including immune activation and signal transduction in vivo . In the body, ONOO – is mainly produced by the diffusion reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion ( • O 2 – ) under nonenzymatic catalysis .…”

“…Peroxynitrite (ONOO – ) is an active substance with strong oxidation, playing a crucial role in a range of physiological processes, including immune activation and signal transduction in vivo . In the body, ONOO – is mainly produced by the diffusion reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion ( • O 2 – ) under nonenzymatic catalysis . Due to its high reactivity, it often disrupts the structure and functions of biological macromolecules such as protein, lipid, and DNA, resulting in cell death or structural and functional damage, leading to autoimmune diseases, inflammatory lesions, etc. , For instance, ONOO – is frequently associated with atherosclerosis, ,, drug-induced liver injury, , ischemia–reperfusion injury, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer and metastasis, etc.…”

“…In the body, ONOO – is mainly produced by the diffusion reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion ( • O 2 – ) under nonenzymatic catalysis . Due to its high reactivity, it often disrupts the structure and functions of biological macromolecules such as protein, lipid, and DNA, resulting in cell death or structural and functional damage, leading to autoimmune diseases, inflammatory lesions, etc. , For instance, ONOO – is frequently associated with atherosclerosis, ,, drug-induced liver injury, , ischemia–reperfusion injury, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer and metastasis, etc. Therefore, monitoring the dynamic changes of ONOO – can provide an important insight into monitoring the occurrence of related diseases and predicting pathological progress.…”

“…However, the high reactivity and short half-life of ONOO – render it a formidable challenge for direct detection and elimination. Currently, the detection methods for ONOO – primarily include bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, , electrochemical analysis, fluorescence (FL) imaging, etc. ,− The fluorescent probe has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response speed, simple operation, and so on, which is suitable for monitoring ONOO – in real time. However, most of the existing fluorescent probes are aggregation-caused quenching; that is, in dilute solution or monodisperse states, the FL intensity is high, while in high concentration or aggregation state, the excited state molecules often return to the ground state in the form of nonfluorescent emission, resulting in FL quenching and subsequent reduction in detection sensitivity. , Additionally, these probes are susceptible to interference from other reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxy radical ( • OH) (e.g., BBoxiprobeO72), resulting in poor selectivity and accuracy for sensing.…”

“…1 Due to its high reactivity, it often disrupts the structure and functions of biological macromolecules such as protein, lipid, and DNA, resulting in cell death or structural and functional damage, leading to autoimmune diseases, inflammatory lesions, etc. 1,2 For instance, ONOO − is frequently associated with atherosclerosis, 1,2,3 drug-induced liver injury, 4,5 ischemia−reperfusion injury, 6 Alzheimer's disease, 7 cancer and metastasis, 8 etc. Therefore, monitoring the dynamic changes of ONOO − can provide an important insight into monitoring the occurrence of related diseases and predicting pathological progress.…”