Recent Advances in Graphene Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Bioimaging from Cells through Tissues to Animals

Abstract

515wileyonlinelibrary.com www.particle-journal.com www.MaterialsViews.com REVIEWGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. In this review, the recent developments are summarized in the synthesis, edge functionalization, and cyctotoxicity of GQDs, followed by presenting a focused overview on their current applications for in vitro fl uorescence imaging in cells and tissues as well as in vivo macroscopic and microscopic imaging in animals. Challenges and opportunities in the development of GQDs for bioimaging are also discussed.

The origin of emissive states of carbon nanoparticles derived from ensemble-averaged and single-molecular studies

“…For instance, there could be an interplay of emission from the CDs core and surface states 20,48 or by variation in degree of the surface oxidation of constituting fluorescent groups 41 . For instance, there could be an interplay of emission from the CDs core and surface states 20,48 or by variation in degree of the surface oxidation of constituting fluorescent groups 41 .…”

“…Tremendous attention is attributed to biological imaging 48,86 . Tremendous attention is attributed to biological imaging 48,86 .…”

Negative induction effect of graphite N on graphene quantum dots: tunable band gap photoluminescence

“…Recently, there are also several reports about GQDs' bottom-up synthesis using citric acid or other non-aromatic molecules through hydrothermal process, 19 In addition to surface group removing, the bad gap engineering is very critical for modulating of PL emission wavelengths (λ em ) and enhancing the PL efficiency (quantum yield, φ). [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] In theory, a pure band gap PL process will bring very good control on λ em and φ. It has been reported that by the negative induction effect of heteroatoms (such as F and N) with high electronegativity, the band gap of GQDs or carbon dots will be broadened effectively.…”

Advances in Hybrid Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reactions: Rational Integration of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides and Nanocarbon

“…Carbon nanodots (CDs), including CQDs and graphene quantum dots are emerged as the most recent members in the NC family and have generated enormous excitement due to their unique structure and properties . Generally, the 0D CDs exhibit a size below 10 nm with abundant functional groups on the surface.…”