Recent advances in hydrogen production through proton exchange membrane water electrolysis – a review

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is recognized as the most promising technology for the sustainable production of green hydrogen from water and intermittent renewable energy sources. Moreover, PEM water...

Honeycomb-like hollow carbon loaded with ruthenium nanoparticles as high-performance HER electrocatalysts

“…Carbon materials are one of the most commonly used supports, and their catalytic activity can be further improved by doping, such as N, S, B, P and other elements. 17–20 When carbon materials are combined with heteroatoms, due to the difference in bond length and atomic size, defect sites will be generated near the carbon materials, which will lead to uneven charge distribution around them, thus creating new active sites to improve catalytic performance. 21–23 The loaded metal catalyst can also further improve its catalytic performance by regulating its morphology, particle size, dispersibility, and alloying degree.…”

A self-phosphorized carbon-based monolithic chainmail electrode for high-current-density and durable alkaline water splitting

“…[1][2][3][4] The strongly uphill reaction nature and sluggish kinetics of water splitting at high current density greatly increase the overpotential and consequently reduce the energy efficiency, which highly demands the development of efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER). 5,6 At present, benchmark HER and OER electrocatalysts are Pt-based materials and the oxides of Ru and Ir, respectively, but their scarcity and high cost impede their practical deployment, [7][8][9][10] which have spurred tremendous efforts searching for earth-abundant element-based electrocatalysts to enhance the price-performance ratio of water splitting without compromising the efficiency. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Unfortunately, most of the nonprecious electrocatalysts developed so far require large overpotentials at high current densities and suffer from severe structural degradation when operated under harsh acidic and alkaline conditions, [21][22][23][24][25] resulting in inferior overall energy efficiency and long-term stability.…”

Recent advances and perspectives of Ir-based anode catalysts in PEM water electrolysis

“…12,13 In contrast, PEMWE has the advantage of a fast response under highly dynamic operating conditions, making it suitable for integration with intermittent renewable energy sources. 14–16 Therefore, PEMWE attracts unprecedented attention in green hydrogen production and is considered a more promising water electrolysis technology for the future.…”