“…However, most of these techniques are expensive and time-consuming, and require skilled manpower, tedious sample pretreatment, and huge instrumentation setup [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Among them, the electrochemical biosensor is the most preferred technology due to its robustness, simplicity, rapidity, portability, cost-effectiveness, ease of handling, high sensitivity, and selectivity toward target analytes, in addition to reliable and reproducible responses [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. In general, electrochemical sensing was performed in a three-electrode cell system composed of a modified working electrode (WE), reference electrode (RE), and counter electrode (CE).…”