Recent advances in industrial carotenoid synthesis

Ernst, Hansgeorg

doi:10.1351/pac200274112213

Cited by 88 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The presence of stereoisomer by-products, in addition to the naturally occurring 3S,3'S, may have an inhibitory effect on the biological activity of astaxanthin, and synthetic astaxanthin may be contaminated by other reaction by-products or intermediates 18 . The obtainment of enantiopure compounds for the development of pharmaceutical products requires chirality to be introduced at a very early stage of its synthesis and maintained throughout a scalable, reproducible, and economically viable manufacturing process 19 .…”

Section: Chemical Structure Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, a large proportion of commercial astaxanthin is produced synthetically 18 . This synthesis starts with a C-9 unit, ketoisophorone, which is obtained from petroleum feedstocks 19,20 . However, the growing demand for natural feeds and the high cost of synthetic pigments have led to the search of natural sources of astaxanthin, such as microalgae, yeasts and crustacean by-products [13][14][15]17,21,22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects

Seabra

Pedrosa

2010

Rev. Nutr.

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1 Article based on L.M.J. SEABRA' s thesis project entitled "Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp: components of nutritional importance in meat and processing waste. A B S T R A C TAstaxanthin, a carotenoid belonging to the xanthophyll class, has stirred great interest due to its antioxidant capacity and its possible role in reducing the risk of some diseases. Astaxanthin occurs naturally in microalgae, such as Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, and has also been considered to be the major carotenoid in salmon and crustaceans. Shrimp processing waste, which is generally discarded, is also an important source of astaxanthin. The antioxidant activity of astaxanthin has been observed to modulate biological functions related to lipid peroxidation, having beneficial effects on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration and cancer. Researches have shown that both astaxanthin obtained from natural sources and its synthetic counterpart produce satisfactory effects, but studies in humans are limited to natural sources. There is no established nutritional recommendation regarding astaxanthin daily intake but most studies reported beneficial results from a daily intake of 4mg. Thus, this review discusses some aspects of the carotenoid astaxanthin, highlighting its chemical structure and antioxidant activity, and some studies that report its use in humans.Indexing terms: Antioxidants. Astaxanthin. Carotenoids. Chronic diseases. R E S U M O

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Section: Chemical Structure Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects

Seabra

Pedrosa

2010

Rev. Nutr.

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“…Currently, xanthophylls are mainly produced by solvent-based extraction procedures from natural sources or by multistep chemical synthesis (Bhosale and Bernstein 2005). Naturally occurring xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin are produced synthetically on an industrial scale (Ernst 2002). Commercial production of carotenoids using microorganisms has been achieved in the case of astaxanthin, which is produced by fermentation using the red yeast X. dendrorhous or in culturally manipulated open ponds using the alga H. pluvialis (Jacobson et al 2000;Lorenz and Cysewski 2000;Olaizola 2000).…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The present perspective of astaxanthin with reference to biosynthesis and pharmacological importance

Goswami

Chaudhuri

Dutta

2010

World J Microbiol Biotechnol

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Astaxanthin is an important natural pigment, a diketo carotenoid that besides being a food ingredient has importance as a nutraceutical. Astaxanthin is a fat-soluble nutrient with a molecular weight of 596.8 Da (Dalton) and a molecular formula of C 40 H 52 O 4. It is water insoluble and lipophilic. Organisms that produce astaxanthin include the basidiomycetous yeast; Phaffia rhodozyma, the green alga; Haematococcus pluvialis and the Gram-negative bacteria; Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Paracoccus marcusii, P. carotinifaciens, Paracoccus sp. strain MBIC 01143, and P. haeundaensis. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and Haematococcus pluvialis, which are potential sources of astaxanthin. The antioxidant properties of astaxanthin are believed to have a key role in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Astaxanthin acts as a free-radical scavenger and an immunomodulator. It is a medicinal ingredient against degenerative diseases such as cancer, skin related illness, and heart disease. Presently, this carotenoid is used as a major pigmentation source and a feed supplement in aquaculture, primarily salmon, trout, crabs, shrimp, chickens, and red sea bream. The present review focuses on the pharmacological connotations of astaxanthin and specifies the natural sources and pathways of its production along with other relevant aspects.

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“…Carotenoids are used commercially as food colorants, feed supplements, nutraceuticals and for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. Of the more than 600 different carotenoids identified in nature, only a small number can be synthesized in useful quantities by chemical synthesis (Ernst, 2002), extraction from their natural sources or microbial fermentation (Lee and Schmidt-Dannert, 2002;Valla et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating Carotenoid Diversity in E. coli Cells using Combinatorial and Directed Evolution Strategies

2006

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Carotenoids represent a structurally diverse class of pigments with important biological functions and commercial applications. Biosynthesis of carotenoids has been studied on a molecular level for the core pathways and recombinant hosts have been engineered for heterologous carotenoid production. This paper summarizes our efforts on accessing novel carotenoid compounds in engineered E. coli by altering the catalytic activities of enzymes using in vitro evolution, by exploring the catalytic promiscuity of known carotenoid enzymes and by mining for novel enzymes in microbial genome sequences.

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Recent advances in industrial carotenoid synthesis

Cited by 88 publications

References 3 publications

Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects

Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects

The present perspective of astaxanthin with reference to biosynthesis and pharmacological importance

Creating Carotenoid Diversity in E. coli Cells using Combinatorial and Directed Evolution Strategies

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