Recent Advances in Industrial Carotenoid Synthesis

Ernst, Hansgeorg

doi:10.1002/chin.200335260

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A principal task in the synthesis of zeaxanthin requires introduction of the chiral centers in configurations identical to that of nature (Ernst, 2002). Hoffmann-La Roche has developed a method for the enantioselective reduction of the C=C bond into the (6R) configured levodione by using baker's yeast (Leuenberger, 1976; Paust and Kriegl, 2000).…”

Section: Basic Science Of the Macular Pigment Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Bernstein

Vachali

et al. 2016

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

454

419

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The human macula uniquely concentrates three carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin must be obtained from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, while meso-zeaxanthin is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids. Epidemiological studies and large-scale clinical trials such as AREDS2 have brought attention to the potential ocular health and functional benefits of these three xanthophyll carotenoids consumed through the diet or supplements, but the basic science and clinical research underlying recommendations for nutritional interventions against age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases are underappreciated by clinicians and vision researchers alike. In this review article, we first examine the chemistry, biophysics, and physiology of these yellow pigments that are specifically concentrated in the macula lutea through the means of high-affinity binding proteins and specialized transport and metabolic proteins where they play important roles as short-wavelength (blue) light-absorbers and localized, efficient antioxidants in a region at high risk for light-induced oxidative stress. Next, we turn to clinical evidence supporting functional benefits of these carotenoids in normal eyes and for their potential protective actions against ocular disease from infancy to old age.

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Section: Basic Science Of the Macular Pigment Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to elimination of water in the process of isomerization and strong basic conditions, other products are also formed (Ernst, 2002). If chemically and sterically pure meso -zeaxanthin is desired, then this process needs an expensive and time-consuming ultra-purification step.…”

Section: Basic Science Of the Macular Pigment Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Bernstein

Vachali

et al. 2016

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

454

419

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Astaxanthin can be produced in its natural forms on a large scale [51]. The initial production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis uses closed culture systems followed by a 5–7 day, “reddening” cycle, conducted in open culture ponds.…”

Section: Astaxanthin Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease

2011

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Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid present in microalgae, fungi, complex plants, seafood, flamingos and quail. It is an antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties and as such has potential as a therapeutic agent in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Synthetic forms of astaxanthin have been manufactured. The safety, bioavailability and effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress and inflammation that have relevance to the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, have been assessed in a small number of clinical studies. No adverse events have been reported and there is evidence of a reduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation with astaxanthin administration. Experimental studies in several species using an ischaemia-reperfusion myocardial model demonstrated that astaxanthin protects the myocardium when administered both orally or intravenously prior to the induction of the ischaemic event. At this stage we do not know whether astaxanthin is of benefit when administered after a cardiovascular event and no clinical cardiovascular studies in humans have been completed and/or reported. Cardiovascular clinical trials are warranted based on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties, the safety profile and preliminary experimental cardiovascular studies of astaxanthin.

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“…The whole process is a double Wittig condensation of a symmetrical C10 dialdehyde as the central C10 building block and two equivalents of C15 phosphonium salt (Ernst, 2002). The whole process is a double Wittig condensation of a symmetrical C10 dialdehyde as the central C10 building block and two equivalents of C15 phosphonium salt (Ernst, 2002).…”

Section: β-Carotene [E160a (Ii)]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and beta‐carotene (E 160a (ii)) as a food additive

2012

EFS2

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The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion reevaluating the safety of mixed carotenes [E 160a (i)] and β-carotene [E 160a (ii)] when used as food colouring substances. Mixed carotenes [E 160a (i)] and β-carotene [E 160a (ii)] are authorised as food additives in the EU and have been evaluated previously by the JECFA the latest in 2001 and by the SCF in 1997 and 2000. Both Committees established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-5 mg/kg bw/day. In this opinion the mixed carotenes are defined according to the Commission Directive 2008/128/EC and consist of two groups of substances: plant carotenes and algal carotenes. β-Carotene comprises (synthetic) β-carotene and β-carotene obtained by fermentation of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The Panel noted (i) that the specifications of mixed carotenes are inadequate and need to be updated, (ii) that most toxicological studies have been performed with rodents, although rodents, in contrast to humans, very efficiently convert β-carotene to vitamin A. The Panel concluded that based on the presently available dataset, no ADIs for mixed carotenes and β-carotene can be established and that the use of (synthetic) β-carotene and mixed β-carotenes obtained from palm fruit oil, carrots and algae as food colour is not of safety concern, provided the intake from this use as a food additive and as food supplement, is not more than the amount likely to be ingested from the regular consumption of the foods in which they occur naturally (5-10 mg/day). This would ascertain that the exposure to βcarotene from these uses would remain below 15 mg/day, the level of supplemental intake of βcarotene for which epidemiological studies did not reveal any increased cancer risk. Furthermore, the Panel could not conclude on the safety in use of mixed carotenes [E 160a (i)] for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion.Re-evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and β-carotene (E 160a (ii)) as food additives EFSA Journal 2012;10(3):2593 2 SUMMARY Following a request from the European Commission to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of mixed carotenes [E 160a (i)] and β-carotene [E 160a (ii)] when used as food colour. Mixed carotenes [E 160a (i)] and β-carotene [E 160a (ii)] are authorised as food additives in the European Union (EU) and have been evaluated previously by the Joint FAO/WHO/Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1975 (β-carotene), 1993 (carotenes from natural sources) and 2001 (βcarotene derived from Blakeslea trispora), and by the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in the EU in 1975, 1997 (β-carotene derived from Dunaliella salina) and 2000 (β-carotene derived from Blakeslea trispora). The SCF and JECFA both established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-5 mg/kg bw/day.JECFA defined the ADI for the sum of the carotenoids β-apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, β-carot...

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Recent Advances in Industrial Carotenoid Synthesis

Abstract: For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and beta‐carotene (E 160a (ii)) as a food additive

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