Recent Advances in Infrared Semiconductor Laser based Chemical Sensing Technologies

Tittel, F. K.; Curl, R. F.; Doty, James H.; Kosterev, Anatoliy A.; Lewicki, R.; Thomazy, David; Wysocki, Gerard

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0769-6_24

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…End users are: research centres, academic, well-established and start-up companies and hospitals. The strong coupling of THz radiation and material excitations has potential to improve the quantum efficiency of THz devices.In the last few years, MIR lasers, light-emitting diodes, detectors and frequency converters have featured significantly improved wavelength tunability, high spectral purity, higher powers and room temperature operation, which are necessary for commercial applications (Tittel et al 2011;Razeghi 2013). However, whereas miniaturised and cost-efficient optical technology for wavelengths up to about 2.5 µm has become readily available at a very high standard, sources for longer wavelength applications have not yet reached the desired…”

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confidence: 99%

TERA-MIR radiation: materials, generation, detection and applications

Pereira

2014

Opt Quant Electron

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This special edition is dedicated to original papers covering topics with the areas of interest of COST ACTION MP1204 whose main objective is to advance novel materials, concepts and device designs for generating and detecting THz (0.3-10 THz) and Mid Infrared (10-100 THz) radiation using semiconductor, superconductor, metamaterials and lasers and to beneficially exploit their common aspects within a synergetic approach. The results achieved benefit from the unique networking and capacity-building capabilities provided by the COST framework to unify these two spectral domains from their common aspects of sources, detectors, materials and applications. We are building a platform to investigate interdisciplinary topics in Physics, Electrical Engineering and Technology, Applied Chemistry, Materials Sciences and Biology and Radio Astronomy. In this sense THz and MIR are considered jointly, the driving force for both regimes being applications. The main emphasis of the research presented here is on new fundamental material properties, concepts and device designs that are likely to open the way to new products or to the exploitation of new technologies in the fields of sensing, healthcare, biology, and industrial applications. End users are: research centres, academic, well-established and start-up companies and hospitals. The strong coupling of THz radiation and material excitations has potential to improve the quantum efficiency of THz devices.In the last few years, MIR lasers, light-emitting diodes, detectors and frequency converters have featured significantly improved wavelength tunability, high spectral purity, higher powers and room temperature operation, which are necessary for commercial applications (Tittel et al. 2011;Razeghi 2013). However, whereas miniaturised and cost-efficient optical technology for wavelengths up to about 2.5 µm has become readily available at a very high standard, sources for longer wavelength applications have not yet reached the desired

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confidence: 99%

TERA-MIR radiation: materials, generation, detection and applications

Pereira

2014

Opt Quant Electron

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“…NDIR sensors utilize IR absorption spectroscopy in a gas cell to detect a species of gas. [ 71 ] IR spectroscopy devices first emit IR light from a broadband IR filament lamp. The IR light, of known optical intensity and spectrum, is emitted into a chamber where a concentration of a gas species is present.…”

Section: Optical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optoelectronic Gas Sensing Platforms: From Metal Oxide Lambda Sensors to Nanophotonic Metamaterials

Perkins

Gholipour

2021

Advanced Photonics Research

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Gas sensing technology platforms have allowed for the improvement of crucial industrial processes and the decreased emissions of environmentally harmful gases that have led to deleterious outcomes. Industries where gas control has become critical are petrochemical, refinery, food and beverage, and power generation. These industries utilize gases such as ethylene, sulfur, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and oxygen (O 2 ) to produce gasoline, carbonated beverages, and electricity. [1] During various processes, harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), CO 2 , sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), acetone (CH 3 COCH 3 ), toluene (C 7 H 8 ), and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) can be emitted. [2][3][4][5][6] The emission of these environmentally toxic gases and VOCs from both industrial processes and automobiles has been linked to the nitrous oxides (NO x ), CO, and hydrocarbon emissions responsible for acid rain in the 1960s. Legislation was introduced to address and mitigate this acidic precipitation and the emission of environmentally toxic gasses by requiring the use of gas sensors and catalytic converters. [2] Gas sensing technology can be found in two leading commercial platforms: electronic (lambda sensors) and optical (nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors and optrodes). Lambda sensors are made with electrolytes or gas-sensitive films that exploit the ionic conductivity of electrolytes or the adsorption of gases and bonding of hydroxyl groups on metal oxide (MO) materials. State-of-the-art, automotive lambda sensors, also known as "automotive oxygen sensors," use a solid yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte in wideband sensor design geometries. The wideband sensor design was adapted from the early narrowband YSZ sensor design that utilized a simple Nernst cell. The wideband sensor design offers improved sensor linearity when compared to the narrowband designs across a wide range of air-to-fuel ratio values. Though the electrolytic lambda sensors' physical design has changed in previous years, the sensor has not seen an improvement in terms of electrolytic materials.Lambda sensors have also been based on gas-sensitive oxide films, instead of electrolytes, that employ the use of MO materials. MO materials include a wide range of oxidized transitional metals. These MOs undergo electronic changes when gases or VOCs are chemisorbed or bound to hydroxyl groups on the material's surface, thereby increasing or decreasing the MO's resistivity. The gas-material interaction only occurs at high temperatures, called the "activation temperatures," required by the MO.High activation temperatures are common in both electrolytic and MO gas sensors. Bringing the electrolytic and MO gas sensors to these high temperatures requires electronic heater elements. The reduction of the activation temperature of a lambda sensor can be achieved by using promoter materials and catalytic metals. Some material platforms, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are als...

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“…Moreover, the gas tightness of the ADM is also crucial, since the different gases have the different relaxation rates, requiring different optimal gas pressures. Based on experimental studies, the optimal pressure for fast-relaxing molecules (such as water (H 2 O), propylene (C 3 H 6 ) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 )) is ~66.664 hPa [ 13 , 14 , 30 ]. which requires a good tightness for the ADM.…”

Section: Guidelines For the Design Of An Admmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the further development of the QEPAS technique, an acoustic micro-resonator (AmR) is mounted on a QTF to confine sound waves and to strongly enhance the sound wave intensity by coupling acoustic waves between the AmR and the QTF. The QTF and the AmR form a QEPAS spectrophone [ 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. So far there are four different AmR configurations in terms of the structure of a QEPAS spectrophone: (i) an on-beam AmR configuration (two stainless steel tubes distribute symmetrically at the ends of the QTF along the axis perpendicular to the plane of the QTF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Detection Module Design of a Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor

Wei

Tittel

2019

Sensors

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This review aims to discuss the latest advancements of an acoustic detection module (ADM) based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). Starting from guidelines for the design of an ADM, the ADM design philosophy is described. This is followed by a review of the earliest standard quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based ADM for laboratory applications. Subsequently, the design of industrial fiber-coupled and free-space ADMs based on a standard QTF for near-infrared and mid-infrared laser sources respectively are described. Furthermore, an overview of the latest development of a QEPAS ADM employing a custom QTF is reported. Numerous application examples of four QEPAS ADMs are described in order to demonstrate their reliability and robustness.

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Recent Advances in Infrared Semiconductor Laser based Chemical Sensing Technologies

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

TERA-MIR radiation: materials, generation, detection and applications

TERA-MIR radiation: materials, generation, detection and applications

Optoelectronic Gas Sensing Platforms: From Metal Oxide Lambda Sensors to Nanophotonic Metamaterials

Acoustic Detection Module Design of a Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor

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