Recent Advances in Nanomaterials‐Based FETs for SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19 Virus) Diagnosis

Abstract

The emergence of infectious diseases that are quickly spreading, like the coronavirus (COVID-19), necessitates the development of efficient biosensors that can quickly detect and identify pathogens. It is essential to create sensitive virus detection methods in order to stop a virus from spreading throughout the world. It is determined that field-effect transistors (FETs) made of nanomaterials are potential candidates for rapid virus identification due to how easily the electronic transport characteristics of such an atomically thin nanomaterial can be affected by perturbations. Various FETs in this review article are investigated that are based on nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, graphene-oxide, and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) WSe 2 in order to show that they are promising biosensors in regards to quickly and precisely detect COVID-19. The conjugation of nanomaterials with proteins enables the direct delivery of antiviral agents to the host cells. This method also minimizes the off-target effects and enables the targeted interactions. This mechanism has produced encouraging results in regards to sensing or treating COVID-19. The high surface area and extremely small size of nanomaterials make them crucial in regards to the development of new detection methods. The point-of-care test method of detection is quick, simple, and user-friendly, and it only requires a small amount of a patient's blood. It does not require a laboratory or trained professionals. This overview of the current research that is conducted on nanomaterials will prove to be useful in the process of formulating strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination of viruses in opinion. Finally, the conclusion of this review provides a summary of the current challenges and the future prospects.

Nanomaterials-Based Field-Effect Transistor for Protein Sensing: New Advances

“…A biosensor based field-effect transistor, also known as a bio-FET, is one of the most promising types to have emerged in recent years. − In this biosensor, FETs are used to convert the tiny electric signals that are close to the lower limit of detectability or have a very low amplitude produced at the sensing interface as a result of interactions between biomolecules into detectable electric signals . As a result of their high sensitivity for detection, even in the absence of labeling, they have found widespread application in the study of the detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and various other kinds of biomarkers.…”

“…In earlier review articles, synthetic methods, physical characteristics, electronic and material synthesis, sensor design, and personal health monitoring were discussed. , In this Review, we provide a brief overview of protein sensing applications that make use of various architectural designs such as CNTs (carbon nanotubes), Gr (graphene), rGr (reduced graphene), 2D TMDs (two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides), and MXene. The accuracy and speed of protein detection offer promising avenues and deeper insights into the roles of proteins in biological processes.…”

Progress in photodetector devices utilizing transition metal dichalcogenides

“…1–6 The developed PD technologies have so far covered a wide range of applications that have a significant impact on our daily lives such as visible light detection for video imaging and digital cameras, ultraviolet (UV) radiation for cell inspection and lithography, X-ray radiation for biomedical imaging, wide-range infrared (IR) detection for night vision, environmental monitoring, optical communication, and quality testing spectroscopy, among others. 7–20 PDs are categorized using several key figures-of-merit such as photogain, quantum efficiency, detectivity, responsivity and others. The related terminologies and characteristics for the PDs are summarized in Fig.…”

Sybodies as Novel Bioreceptors toward Field-Effect Transistor-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens

“…Other alternative materials have been employed as the semiconducting channel of FET biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, such as carbon nanotubes, solution-processable organic semiconductors, two-dimensional tungsten diselenide, or silicon . Further details on various nanomaterial-based FETs for COVID-19 diagnosis can be found elsewhere . However, the Debye length limits the detection capability of FETs.…”

“…30 Further details on various nanomaterialbased FETs for COVID-19 diagnosis can be found elsewhere. 31 However, the Debye length limits the detection capability of FETs. While this distance is 0.7 nm for physiological ionic strength, a 10-fold dilution of the sample will result in a range of influence of 2.4 nm, while a 100-fold dilution will extend it to 7.4 nm.…”