Recent Advances in Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring and Prediction Using a Machine Learning Approach

Abstract

Blood pressure (BP) monitoring can be performed either invasively via arterial catheterization or non-invasively through a cuff sphygmomanometer. However, for conscious individuals, traditional cuff-based BP monitoring devices are often uncomfortable, intermittent, and impractical for frequent measurements. Continuous and non-invasive BP (NIBP) monitoring is currently gaining attention in the human health monitoring area due to its promising potentials in assessing the health status of an individual, enabled by machine learning (ML), for various purposes such as early prediction of disease and intervention treatment. This review presents the development of a non-invasive BP measuring tool called sphygmomanometer in brief, summarizes state-of-the-art NIBP sensors, and identifies extended works on continuous NIBP monitoring using commercial devices. Moreover, the NIBP predictive techniques including pulse arrival time, pulse transit time, pulse wave velocity, and ML are elaborated on the basis of bio-signals acquisition from these sensors. Additionally, the different BP values (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure) of the various ML models adopted in several reported studies are compared in terms of the international validation standards developed by the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the British Hypertension Society (BHS) for clinically-approved BP monitors. Finally, several challenges and possible solutions for the implementation and realization of continuous NIBP technology are addressed.

Perioperative Patients With Hemodynamic Instability: Consensus Recommendations of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation

“…Continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitoring has been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved and evidence suggests that it may offer a method of detecting hypotension earlier than traditional monitoring. 50 Similarly, portable finger cuff-based pulse decomposition analysis technology is validated as a source of continuous cardiac output information and should allow for enhanced noninvasive monitoring during transitions to a lower level of patient care. 51 , 52 Other technology that has similarly utilized morphology of the electrocardiogram, heart rate variability, and blood pressure to predict critical response events in low-acuity units and new-onset atrial fibrillation is available.…”

B3X: a novel efficient algorithm for accurate automated auscultatory blood pressure estimation

“…They also require frequent calibration and supervision by skilled professionals. Therefore, their use has remained confined to clinical settings (Agidigbo and Pickering 2010, Ismail et al 2022, Liu et al 2022b.…”

Automatic Calibration of a Device for Blood Pressure Waveform Measurement

“…The most common calibration method is based on an inflatable pressure cuff surrounding the finger or arm. This can be a troublesome process for both patient and staff [ 21 ]. Although many indicators can be determined from blood pressure waveforms without information on the pressure scale (in cases where the pressure ratio is of interest), calibration remains a requirement if indicators are to be determined from the carotid artery wave.…”

“…The latest technical and methodological solutions for noninvasive medical diagnostic tools allow one to both measure real pressure values and show the shape of the arterial pressure wave without using a cuff [ 21 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”