Recent advances in noninvasive glucose monitoring

Abstract

The race for the next generation of painless and reliable glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus is on. As technology advances, both diagnostic techniques and equipment improve. This review describes the main technologies currently being explored for noninvasive glucose monitoring. The principle of each technology is mentioned; its advantages and limitations are then discussed. The general description and the corresponding results for each device are illustrated, as well as the current status of the device and the manufacturer; internet references for the devices are listed where appropriate. Ten technologies and eleven potential devices are included in this review. Near infrared spectroscopy has become a promising technology, among others, for blood glucose monitoring. Although some reviews have been published already, the rapid development of technologies and information makes constant updating mandatory. While advances have been made, the reliability and the calibration of noninvasive instruments could still be improved, and more studies carried out under different physiological conditions of metabolism, bodily fluid circulation, and blood components are needed.

Electromagnetic Simulation for the Diagnosis of Lipoprotein Density in Human Blood, a Non-Invasive Approach

“…We envision a wearable wristband system similar to that of previous studies into non-invasive glucose monitoring [11] [12]. Our current models suggest the usage of RF sources for both 64 MHz and 0.5 GHz at corresponding locations on the skin tissue.…”

“…In the Diabetic research area, type II patients, who compose an ever growing cohort, need to constantly monitor their blood glucose levels, often through the usage of "finger prick" glucometers, first invented in 1962 [11] [12]. Through extensive work, viable alternatives to traditional "finger prick" glucometer have been either completed or are nearing completion [11] [12].…”

“…Through extensive work, viable alternatives to traditional "finger prick" glucometer have been either completed or are nearing completion [11] [12]. In application, these systems use a wristband worn by the individual that provides a means of col- This model mimics the location of lipoprotein in the human body-found on the walls of veins, capillaries, and arties.…”

The dynamics of invasive and noninvasive blood glucose monitoring methods: Recent trends

“…Глюкоза влияет на транспорт воды и ионов через клеточную мембрану, приводя к изменениям в электри-ческих свойствах внутриклеточного и внеклеточного пространства [23]. Прежде всего, происходят изменения в диэлектрических свойствах, которые отражаются в из-менениях общего импеданса ткани.…”

“…Несмотря на то, что многие из этих техноло-гий показали достоверную корреляцию в исследованиях in vitro и на животных моделях, ни одна из описанных технологий пока не позволяет эффективно количе-ственно определять концентрацию глюкозы in vivo в реальной клинической практике [23,43]. Эти методы устранили проблему инвазивности и в перспективе могут стать менее дорогостоящими, чем инвазивные методы, но точность этих методов пока остается значительно ниже, чем инвазивная глюкометрия.…”