Recent Advances in Particulate Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccination

Abstract

By activating/stimulating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and efficiently inducing humoral or cellular immune responses, particulate adjuvants have become one of the most ambitious and promising strategies in cancer vaccination. A large number of materials have been studied for their use as particulate adjuvants, including inorganic materials, polymeric materials, liposomes, emulsions, and exosomes. According to their unique physicochemical properties, these particulate adjuvants mainly work in three aspects: antigen delivery, APC activation, and antigen cross-presentation, and they show great promise in various antitumor applications. This progress report highlights the recent advances in the study of particulate adjuvants, ranging from their materials, functions, and physicochemical properties to their applications in cancer vaccination.

Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Delivery of Vaccine Adjuvants and Antigens: Toward Multicomponent Vaccines

“…Particularly, antigen delivery can protect the antigens from degradation, facilitate the antigen uptake from antigen presenting cells (APCs), and promote their full activation for initiating robust anti-vaccine Th1/ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and long-term immunological memory. 14 Adjuvants generally improve immunogenicity by enhancing antigen presentation and/or triggering the innate immune system via the recognition and activation of specific cell receptors, which may result in long-term protection against pathogens. 15 The most used adjuvant for vaccine development has been insoluble aluminum salts.…”

“…In order to overcome these challenges, along with a deeper understanding of pathogenicity or tumor initiation and growth, exploitation of appropriate delivery systems and adjuvants plays a pivotal role. Particularly, antigen delivery can protect the antigens from degradation, facilitate the antigen uptake from antigen presenting cells (APCs), and promote their full activation for initiating robust anti-vaccine Th1/cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and long-term immunological memory …”

Emerging Strategies in Anticancer Combination Therapy Employing Silica‐Based Nanosystems

“…In fact, despite its novelty, nanoparticle‐based immunotherapy has already become a hot topic according to the number and quality of revisions reported during the last year. [ 62–65 ] Unfortunately, typical immunotherapy does not seem to be enough to defeat cancer but may help as an adjuvant on combination therapies ( Figure 3 ). For an extraordinary and visionary revision on the topic, please check the revision authored by Moon and co‐workers.…”

Protein-based antigen presentation platforms for nanoparticle vaccines

“…Upon vaccination, a nanoparticle is used to improve the immune response through one or a combination of these roles. Nanoparticles have demonstrated remarkable success as particulate adjuvants 2,3 and nucleic acid delivery carriers 4 , however, this review will specifically focus on protein-based nanoparticle platforms. Previous publications have summarized the characteristics, utilization, and efficacy of nanoparticle platforms in vaccines 2,[5][6][7][8] and the bioengineering strategies [9][10][11][12][13] of selfassembling proteins applicable for the design of new potential platforms.…”