Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

Abstract

Polymeric nanocarriers (PNs) have demonstrated to be a promising alternative to treat intracellular infections. They have outstanding performance in delivering antimicrobials intracellularly to reach an adequate dose level and improve their therapeutic efficacy. PNs offer opportunities for preventing unwanted drug interactions and degradation before reaching the target cell of tissue and thus decreasing the development of resistance in microorganisms. The use of PNs has the potential to reduce the dose and adverse side effects, providing better efficiency and effectiveness of therapeutic regimens, especially in drugs having high toxicity, low solubility in the physiological environment and low bioavailability. This review provides an overview of nanoparticles made of different polymeric precursors and the main methodologies to nanofabricate platforms of tuned physicochemical and morphological properties and surface chemistry for controlled release of antimicrobials in the target. It highlights the versatility of these nanosystems and their challenges and opportunities to deliver antimicrobial drugs to treat intracellular infections and mentions nanotoxicology aspects and future outlooks.

Nanotechnology: an emerging approach to combat COVID-19

“…Besides these cells, ACE2 expression is represented in epithelial cells, esophageal cells, enterocytes, kidney proximal tubule cells, myocardial cells, bladder urothelial cells, and cholangiocytes [ 46 ]. Chloroquinone is widely used for blocking viral endocytosis which acts similar to the nanoparticles [ 47 ]. Polymeric nanoparticles like polylactic acid are generally used for encapsulation of chloroquinone which improves its delivery and cellular uptake efficacy [ 47 ].…”

“…Chloroquinone is widely used for blocking viral endocytosis which acts similar to the nanoparticles [ 47 ]. Polymeric nanoparticles like polylactic acid are generally used for encapsulation of chloroquinone which improves its delivery and cellular uptake efficacy [ 47 ]. Nanoparticles can also directly inhibit the binding of virus.…”

Development of a New Polymeric Nanocarrier Dedicated to Controlled Clozapine Delivery at the Dopamine D2-Serotonin 5-HT1A Heteromers

“…Polymeric nanoparticles (PNp) are formed by biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric materials. This strategy enables a predictable decomposition process and complete metabolization of degradation products [10]. Polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) usually include an active compound immersed in a liquid core surrounded by a polymeric shell, which can be obtained from natural (chitosan, dextran, alginate, heparin, dextran sulfate, cellulose sulfate etc.)…”

“…Selective delivery of active compounds requires the proper modification of a capsule shell, to which external elements (so-called targeting ligands) are embedded to obtain molecular recognition at the desired target location. One of the best targeting ligands are monoclonal scFv antibodies fragments (single chain variable fragments), which, due to their relatively small size, higher (as compared to other types of ligands) binding specificity as well as the lack of complement activating region and Fc domain (which directly translates into a reduction in the immunogenicity of the modified nanocapsules) [8][9][10][11], are increasingly used to functionalize nanocarriers. Moreover, the aptamer-functionalized nanocapsules show a good compatibility with the bloodstream and do not have a cytotoxic effect [5,6].…”

Structure and State of Water in Branched N-Vinylpyrrolidone Copolymers as Carriers of a Hydrophilic Biologically Active Compound

“…The most important criteria of polymer use in biomedical applications, partially as drug delivery [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], are their biocompatibility, as well as the ability to absorb them and form complexes of different kinds. Water adsorption precedes the adsorption of a synthetic polymer with proteins when it reaches a living organism, and the presence and state of water on a polymer surface may affect or even determine its biocompatibility [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”