Recent advances in responsive lanthanide-doped luminescence nanoprobes in the near-infrared-II window

Lanthanide-based nanomaterials for temperature sensing in the near-infrared spectral region: illuminating progress and challenges

“…38 The most commonly explored Ln 3+ ions with emissions at wavelengths longer than 1000 nm are Nd 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , and Tm 3+ . 64,71 By co-doping with Yb 3+ or Nd 3+ as the sensitizer, the longer wavelength emissions generated can be used to quantify temperature following a double-band ratiometric approach. In recent years, research efforts have been dedicated to further improving the excellent thermal sensitivity of double-band nanothermometers by optimizing parameters such as host lattice phonon energy and NP architecture.…”

Brightness Strategies toward NIR-II Emissive Conjugated Materials: Molecular Design, Application, and Future Prospects

“…However, the development of NIR-II fluorescence bioimaging is in its infancy, and many fluorescent probes have relatively weak absorption and emission in the NIR-II window, resulting in poor imaging performance . To achieve high-performance NIR-II bioimaging, various materials with bright NIR-II emission have been extensively explored in the past few years and can be divided into two main categories: inorganic materials − and organic materials. − Since the pioneering research on the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes for in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging, an increasing number of inorganic NIR-II fluorescence materials, including rare earth nanoparticles, − inorganic quantum dots, − and gold nanoclusters, − have been extensively used in NIR-II fluorescence biological imaging. Inorganic materials have relatively high quantum yields and low photobleaching sensitivity; however, practical clinical applications of these materials are still limited owing to concerns about biosafety and biocompatibility.…”