“…The most common solvents used in LLE are mixtures of chloroform, methanol and water (in differing ratios), but chloroform is often replaced with dichloromethane now owing to its lesser toxicity, with similar results (Reis et al, 2013). Modifications of LLE solvent include using additives such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, citric acid, ethyl acetate and n-butyl chloride, as well as replacing chloroform with MTBE or butanol (Bylda et al, 2014;Jemal et al, 2010;Teo et al, 2015). Most of these modifications are specific to the analyte in question or are for the purpose of combatting matrix effects from a particular species of PL, further supporting the need to individualize the solvent and system used (Michopoulos et al, 2011).…”