Recent advances in sentinel node navigation for gastric cancer: A paradigm shift of surgical management

Kitagawa, Yuko; Fujii, Hirofumi; Kumai, Koichiro; Kubota, Tetsuro; Otani, Yoshihide; Saikawa, Yoshirou; Yoshida, Masashi; Kubo, Atsushi; Kitajima, Masaki

doi:10.1002/jso.20220

Cited by 103 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…SN are defined as the first lymph nodes to receive lymphatic flow from primary tumor sites. Many investigators have already demonstrated the clinical utility of sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) for patients with gastric cancer,7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and the current technical procedures for SNNS have been gradually advancing over time. Furthermore, intraoperative methods have been developed for the accurate diagnosis of lymph node metastasis, including micrometastasis 12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel surgical approach based on the sentinel node concept in patients with early gastric cancer

Natsugoe

Arigami

Uenosono

et al. 2017

Annals of Gastroent Surgery

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Recent prospective multicenter trials have demonstrated the clinical safety and efficacy of sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) in patients with early gastric cancer. Further, development of an intraoperative imaging system and an indocyanine green fluorescence imaging approach has been attracting attention as a novel tool for detection of the sentinel node (SN). The greatest advantage of an in vivo imaging system is that it visualizes SN and afferent lymphatic vessels from the primary tumor site more clearly than the conventional dye approach. Besides visualization of the SN, it is also essential to accurately assess the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis in the intraoperative management of SNNS. However, the clinical significance of lymph node micrometastasis (LNM) in patients with gastric cancer remains controversial. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is one of the representative assays used to identify LNM. A rapid RT‐PCR assay that completes the detection of LNM within approximately 40 minutes has recently been produced and applied in the clinical management of SNNS. From the viewpoint of surgical methods, modified laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery with non‐exposed approaches has recently been highlighted as a promising technique to prevent tumor dissemination caused by surgical procedures, and is likely to be clinically applied to SNNS in the future. When carrying out SNNS as a minimally invasive surgery, it is important to consider the balance between post‐surgical quality of life and curability. Future prospective studies on SNNS will greatly contribute to furthering its establishment as a beneficial procedure for patients with early gastric cancer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel surgical approach based on the sentinel node concept in patients with early gastric cancer

Natsugoe

Arigami

Uenosono

et al. 2017

Annals of Gastroent Surgery

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“…There have been initiatives that use SLNB in humans for gastric cancer aimed to indicating more economic lymphadenectomies and gastric resections 15,18,19,24,25 , and this conduct is currently becoming accepted in global clinical practice 9,11,26 , especially after the recommendation of the Japanese multicenter trial on the use of SLNB in early gastric cancer (T1 or T2, N0, M0) 27 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last decade, SLNB has also been carried out for cases of early gastric cancer 5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the stomach has characteristics that make SLNB difficult, such as the existence of a multi-directional lymphatic drainage system, the presence of skip metastasis [9][10][11] and an average identification of sentinel nodes of more than two per individual 5,9,16,[12][13][14][15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they have limitations, such as their small sample size 9,11 , high cost, and large sentimental humanistic appeal, especially when dogs are involved. Also, for the establishment of an experimental model, it is necessary to take into consideration the characteristics of the animal and its similarities to humans [29][30][31]35 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal model for training in sentinel lymph node biopsy of the stomach through combined methods

Alves¹,

Lopes

Meirelles³

et al. 2012

Acta Cir. Bras.

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PURPOSE:Create and validate a proposed animal model for training in sentinel lymph node biopsy of the stomach. METHODS: In thirty-two rabbits, through a laparotomy, they received a subserosal injection of 0.1 ml of phytate labeled with technetium-99m (0.2 mCi) in the anterior wall of the gastric corpus, followed by 0.2 ml of Blue Patent V ® 2.5%, through the same puncture site. Suspicious lymph nodes were searched in vivo at five, ten and 20 minutes, both visually (Blue Patent stained lymph nodes) and with a manual gamma radiation detector (to detect suspected radioactive lymph nodes). After 20 minutes, was performed resection of these for further evaluation of radioactivity (ex vivo) and histological study. RESULTS: Lymph nodes were identified in 30 rabbits (Average of 2.2 lymph nodes per animal). Of the 90 suspected lymph nodes that occurred in the study, 70 cases (77.8%) were histologically confirmed for lymphoid tissue. Of these, the majority were located in the periesophageal region of the gastric fundus. The sample presented a mortality rate of 6.25% and nine complications related to the method, which interfered in the identification of the lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: The animal model for sentinel node biopsy in rabbit stomachs proved to be feasible, with low complexity and reproduced the difficulties encountered for gastric lymph node biopsy in humans, being adequate for surgical training. Key words: Models, Animal. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy. Stomach. Coloring Agents. Technetium. Rabbits. RESUMO OBJETIVO:Criar e validar uma proposta de modelo animal para o treinamento em pesquisa de linfonodos sentinelas no estômago. MÉTODOS: Em trinta e dois coelhos, mediante laparotomia, foi injetado na subserosa da parede anterior do corpo gástrico, 0,1 ml de fitato marcado com tecnécio-99m (0,2 mCi), seguido pelo mesmo orifício, de 0,2 ml de Azul Patente V ® 2,5%. A cavidade abdominal foi avaliada, in vivo, por meio de inspeção para pesquisa de suspeitas de linfonodos azuis e com detector manual de radiação gamma aos cinco, dez e 20 minutos para pesquisa de suspeitas de linfonodos radioativas. Após 20 minutos, foi realizada a ressecção dessas para posterior avaliação da radioactividade (ex vivo) e estudo histológico. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados linfonodos em 30 coelhos (Média de 2,2 linfonodos por animal). Das 90 suspeitas de linfonodos ocorridas no estudo, em 70 casos (77,8%) obteve-se confirmação histológica para tecido linfóide. Destas, a maioria estava localizada na região periesofágica do fundo gástrico. A amostra apresentou taxa de mortalidade de 6,25% e nove intercorrências relacionadas ao método, que interferiram na identificação dos linfonodos. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo animal para pesquisa de linfonodos sentinelas em estômago de coelhos mostrou-se factível, pouco complexo e reproduziu as dificuldades encontradas para a pesquisa de linfonodos gástricos em humanos, sendo adequado para o treinamento cirúrgico. Descritores: Modelos Animais. Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela. Estômago. Corantes. Tecnécio. Coelh...

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Lymph nodes and gastric cancer

Coburn

2009

Journal of Surgical Oncology

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Worldwide, gastric cancer is one of the top three leading causes of cancer mortality, but incidence and presentation vary geographically. Currently, surgery is the only possible cure. Nodal status is an important prognostic indicator for gastric cancer, and despite results of randomized controlled trials, debate continues over the importance of aggressive lymphadenectomy.J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:199-206. ß 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. KEY WORDS: gastric neoplasm; lymph nodes; surgery Despite a decrease in incidence in recent decades, gastric cancer is still one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide [1]. In areas without screening for gastric cancer, it presents late, and has a high frequency of nodal involvement [1]. Surgery is the only effective intervention for cure or long-term survival. Nodal status is an important prognostic indicator for gastric cancer, and debate continues over the importance of aggressive lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer.Historically, gastric lymph node (LN) metastases were detected as distant disease due to advanced presentation, with resultant poor prognosis. Sister Mary Joseph, surgical assistant to Dr. William Mayo, first described the relationship between advanced intra-abdominal malignancy and an umbilical nodule, now known as the Sister Mary Joseph's nodule [2], while Virchow's node (supra-clavicular) [3] and an Irish node (axillary) are used to describe other distant metastatic LN disease for gastric cancer. The idea of an extended lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer was first advanced by Mikulicz in 1889, who stated that the distal pancreas should be removed if necessary [4,5]. ASSESSING LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT IN GASTRIC CANCERStudies estimate that LNs will be involved with tumors for 3-5% of cases of gastric adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosa; 11-25% of cases for those limited to the sub-mucosa; 50% for T2; and 83% for T3 tumors [6,7]. Nodal status is one of the most important independent predictors of patient survival [8,9]. For example, for 288 T4 gastric cancers, the 1 and 3-year survivals were 76% and 21.9% for node negative cases, versus 40% and 10% for node positive cases, respectively [10].Pre-operative examinations to study the extent of the cancer may include esophagogastro-duodenoscopy (EGD), radiological imaging, and laparoscopy. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis is the most widely recommended method for pre-operative staging of gastric cancer [11,12]. The sensitivity and specificity of CT scan for determining nodal involvement ranges from 50 to 95% and 40 to 99%, respectively; typically, specificity is higher than sensitivity for nodal involvement, but this is not consistent between studies [13][14][15]. Importantly, the ability of the CT scan to detect nodal involvement is determined primarily by the size of the nodes. In a recent study of 23 patients with equivocal findings of para-aortic LN involvement on CT scan (0.7-1 cm or nodes >1 cm with a fatty marrow) treated with an aggressive LN dissection, including paraaortic LN diss...

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Recent advances in sentinel node navigation for gastric cancer: A paradigm shift of surgical management

Cited by 103 publications

References 21 publications

Novel surgical approach based on the sentinel node concept in patients with early gastric cancer

Novel surgical approach based on the sentinel node concept in patients with early gastric cancer

Animal model for training in sentinel lymph node biopsy of the stomach through combined methods

Lymph nodes and gastric cancer

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