Recent advances in slag-based binder and chemical activators derived from industrial by-products – A review

Cheah, Chee Ban; Tan, Leng Ee; Ramli, Mahyuddin

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121657

Cited by 63 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 254 publications

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“…Physical properties of GGBFS depend on the cooling process and chemical properties depend on the selection of raw materials for iron production. Its fineness specific surface area is between 300 m 2 /kg and 500 m 2 /kg with specific gravity ranging from 2.4 to 3.0 [ 73 ]. GGBFS is pozzolanic in nature, and for decades, has been used as cementitious component for making cement/concrete composites.…”

Section: Geopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geopolymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites in Civil Engineering

et al. 2021

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This paper discusses the influence of fiber reinforcement on the properties of geopolymer concrete composites, based on fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin. Traditional concrete composites are brittle in nature due to low tensile strength. The inclusion of fibrous material alters brittle behavior of concrete along with a significant improvement in mechanical properties i.e., toughness, strain and flexural strength. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is mainly used as a binding agent in concrete composites. However, current environmental awareness promotes the use of alternative binders i.e., geopolymers, to replace OPC because in OPC production, significant quantity of CO2 is released that creates environmental pollution. Geopolymer concrete composites have been characterized using a wide range of analytical tools including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental detection X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Insight into the physicochemical behavior of geopolymers, their constituents and reinforcement with natural polymeric fibers for the making of concrete composites has been gained. Focus has been given to the use of sisal, jute, basalt and glass fibers.

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Section: Geopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geopolymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites in Civil Engineering

et al. 2021

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“…The final yield will depend on the thermodynamic driving force for the desired reaction to happen, and on the dissolution kinetics in alkaline media, which must be fast enough to take place in technologically feasible times. More specific information on the different types of precursors can be found in the references ( Ben Haha et al, 2011b ; Palomo et al, 2014 ; Abdullah et al, 2020 ; Khalifa et al, 2020 ; Mejía-Arcila et al, 2020 ; Rivera et al, 2020 ; Cheah et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Alkali Activated Binders (Aabs)*mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following idea is of particular interest in a scenario where the AAB precursor is a manufactured product rather than material collected in a landfill and used with no pre-processing: Blast furnace slag ( Ben Haha et al, 2011a ; Criado et al, 2018 ; Cheah et al, 2021 ), fly ash ( Singh 2018 ; Abdullah et al, 2020 ), a wide range of industrial, mining and agroforestry wastes ( Matalkah et al, 2016 ; Rivera et al, 2020 ; Yliniemi et al, 2020 ), metakaolin ( Favier et al, 2014 ; Dupuy et al, 2019 ; Biel et al, 2020 ), dehydroxylated clays other than metakaolin ( Marsh et al, 2018 ; García-Lodeiro et al, 2015c ; Garcia-Lodeiro et al, 2018 ; Khalifa et al, 2020 ; D’Elia et al, 2020 ), and other natural materials such as volcanic ash, natural pozzolans and similar ( Robayo-Salazar et al, 2019 ; Occhipinti et al, 2020 ) all share one valuable characteristic: a vitreous/amorphous component highly reactive with alkalis that accounts for a large fraction of their mineralogy. That vitreous/amorphous phase, containing variable proportions of Si, Al and Ca, is the key agent in the precipitation of cementitious gels such as N-A-S-H, N-(C)-A-S-H and (N)-C-A-S-H when the precursor is mixed with water and alkalis ( Wu et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Alkali Activated Binders (Aabs)*mentioning

confidence: 99%

Portland Versus Alkaline Cement: Continuity or Clean Break: “A Key Decision for Global Sustainability”

et al. 2021

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This review undertakes rigorous analysis of much of the copious literature available to the scientific community on the use of alkali-activated binders (AABs) in construction. The authors’ main intention is to categorically refute arguments of that part of the scientific community underestimating or even dismissing the actual potential of AABs as alternatives to Portland cement (PC). The main premise invoked in support of those arguments is a presumed lack of material resources for precursors that would make AAB industrial-scale production unfeasible anywhere on the planet (a substantial number of scientific papers show that the raw materials required for AAB manufacture are in abundance worldwide). The review also analyses the role of alkaline activators in the chemistry of AABs; it is important to clarify and highlight that alkaline activators are not, by any means, confined to the two synthetic products (caustic soda and waterglass) mostly employed by researchers; other sustainable and efficient products are widely available. Finally, the review deals with the versatility of AAB production processes. The technologies required for the large scale manufacturing of AABs are mostly already in place in PC factories; actually no huge investment is required to transform a PC plant in a AAB factory; and quality and compositional uniformity of Alkaline Cements (binders produced through an industrial process) would be guaranteed. The last conclusions extracted from this review-paper are related with: i) the low carbon footprint of one-part AABs and ii) the urgent need of exploring standardization formulas allowing the commercial development of (sustainable) binders different from PC.

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“…The Equation (1) shows that ZP powder reacts with water to produce zinc oxide (ZnO) and H 2 . The generated H 2 expands inside the cement, forming pores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) has attracted significant attention as an eco-friendly material compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Many studies have shown that AASC has high strength and durability [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characteristics of Aerated Alkali-Activated Slag Cement Mixed with Zinc Powder

2021

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Experiments on the development and properties of aerated concrete based on alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) and using Zn powder (ZP) as a gas agent were carried out. The experiments were designed for water-binding material (w/b) ratios of 0.35 and 0.45, curing temperatures of 23 ± 2 °C and 40 ± 2 °C, and ZP of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0%. ZP generates hydrogen (H2) gas in AASC to form pores. At a w/b of 0.35, the curing temperature had little effect on the pore size by ZP. However, a w/b of 0.45 showed a clear correlation that the pore diameter increased as the curing temperature increased. The low w/b of 0.35 showed a small change in the pore size according to the curing temperature due to the faster setting time than 0.45 and the increased viscosity of the paste. Therefore, at a termination time exceeding at least 60 min and a w/b of 0.45 or more, it was possible to increase the size and expansion force of the pores formed by the ZP through the change of the curing temperature. ZP showed applicability to the manufacture of AASC-based aerated concrete, and the characteristics of foaming according to the curing temperature, w/b ratio, and ZP concentration were confirmed.

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Recent advances in slag-based binder and chemical activators derived from industrial by-products – A review

Cited by 63 publications

References 254 publications

Geopolymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites in Civil Engineering

Geopolymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites in Civil Engineering

Portland Versus Alkaline Cement: Continuity or Clean Break: “A Key Decision for Global Sustainability”

Development and Characteristics of Aerated Alkali-Activated Slag Cement Mixed with Zinc Powder

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