Recent advances in textile wastewater treatment using microbial consortia

Abstract

Overview of textile wastewaters and textile dyes Characteristics of textile wastewaters Textile dyeing industries are facing problems to meet the green practices standards for safe discharge of wastewater due to its complex nature. TWWs are a complex mixture of salts, acids, heavy metals, organ-chlorine-based pesticides, pigments and dyes. 5,10 TWWs generated from the different wet processes are characterized by high pH, temperature, BOD, COD, detergents, surfactants, suspended and dissolved solids, dispersants, leveling agents, toxic organics, chlorinated compounds, sulphide and formaldehyde, may be added to improve dye adsorption onto the fibers 9 and more details are mentioned in the Figure 1. Such effluents are also characterized by the presence of heavy metals, such as Cr, Zn, Cu and Al due to metal-based complexes dyes. 10,14 The most common textile operates are desizing, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing and finishing. 15 Characteristics and the amount of TWWs depend to the process, dyeing is the most one which requires large volumes of water not only in the step of adding color to the fibers, in dye bath, but also during the rinsing step. Mercerizing and finishing are also significant generators of TWWs. In addition, equipment, machines and chemicals, 5 such as detergents and stabilizers, alter significantly the nature of TWWs. Another important factor which contributes to the ecotoxicity and the volume of TWWs is that dyeing and finishing processes, especially, require the imput of a wide range of dyestuffs. The Variety of dyes depends to the fiber used. 16 For example, cellulose fiber requires the application of direct, reactive, vat, azo or sulfide dyes. Acid dyes are used essentially for wool and silk. Azo and disperse dyes are applied to the polyester fiber. A large quantity of these dyes is released in the TWWs due to their degree of fixation to fibers.

Comprehensive Review on Waste Water Treatment Technologies with Special Emphasize on Biological Treatments

“…The property of effluent depends on the quality of paper to be produced and processing of pulp. In the effluents components like biocides, resin acids, tannins, sterols, lignin, colours and phenolics may be present 10,41 . Textile industries engaged with printing and dyeing mainly produce urea, ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) and other similar nitrogenous as well as phosphorus wastes.…”

Untitled

“…29 Reports are also available on other important dyes including triphenylmethane and anthraquinone which have been shown negative impacts. 12,30,31 Some dyes from the triphenylmethane group have been reported to be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. 30,31 More details about impacts of TWWs are indicated in Figure 1.…”

“…65 Thermo-tolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3C has shown the ability to remove Remazol Black-B. 66 Importance of treatment with microbial consortium reference to treatment with mono-culture: Due to the limitations of pure strains on decolorization, such as the narrow range for decolorization of different azo dyes and the inability to degrade completely or mineralize these dyes, 67 it has been observed that microbial consortia are mainly beneficial as they can conjointly carry out degradation tasks that no single culture can begin effectively. 14,[68][69][70] In addition, reports considered the consortium as a suitable combination of efficient strains which can be used in bioremediation of TWWs providing a rich metabolic network.…”

“…Allium cepa 109 MTT assay with human cell lines of keratinocytes (HaCat) 103 Human blood cells 23 Oxidative stress Allium cepa 109…”

“…Vigna radiata 91 Triticum aestivum 136 Phaseolus mungo 136 Zeamays L. 137 Sorghum vulgare 138 Phaseolus aureus 110 Lactuca sativa 139 Acute toxicity Daphnia similis 98 Hydra attenuata 98 Daphnia magna 99…”