Recent Advances in the Chemical Recycling of Polymers (PP, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PVC, PC, Nylon, PMMA)

Achilias, Dimitris S.; Andriotis, Eleftherios G.; Koutsidis, Ioannis A.; Louka, Dimitra; Nianias, Nikolaos; Sıafaka, Panoraia I.; Tsagkalias, Ioannis S.; Tsintzou, Georgia P.

doi:10.5772/33457

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…The four main recycling techniques are primary, mechanical (secondary), chemical (tertiary) and quaternary (energy recovery) (Helmer Pedersen and Conti, 2017). Primary recycling refers to the processing of plastics where the product is later used for a purpose similar to that of the original plastics (Achilias et al, 2012;Rahimi and García, 2017). Mechanical recycling or secondary recycling is a process where the polymer is separated from the respective contaminants and can be easily converted into granules with conventional extrusion (Achilias et al, 2012;Rahimi and García, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Difficulties of Designing Technical-Economic Models for Czech Wastewater Treatment Plants

Kropáč¹,

Gregor²,

Václavková³

et al. 2020

2nd International Conference on : Technologies &Amp; Business Models for Circular Economy: Conference Proceedings

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The 2 nd International Conference on Technologies & Business Models for Circular Economy (TBMCE) was devoted to presentations of circular economy concepts, technologies and methodologies that contribute to the shift of business entities and society as a whole to a more responsible, circular management of resources. In the framework of TBMCE 2019, we presented the Strategic Research and Innovative Partnership-Network for the Transition to Circular Economy (SRIP-CE) as a platform for establishing a successful long-term public-private partnership. The conference program included panel discussions, plenary and keynote sessions, oral and poster presentations on the following topics: Sustainable energy, Biomass and alternative raw materials, Circular business models, Secondary raw materials and functional materials, ICT in Circular Economy, Processes and technologies. TBMCE 2019 was organized by Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor and held in Portorož, Slovenia at the Grand Hotel Bernardin from October 24th to October 25th, 2019. The event was under the patronage of Ministry of Economic Development and Technology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Difficulties of Designing Technical-Economic Models for Czech Wastewater Treatment Plants

Kropáč¹,

Gregor²,

Václavková³

et al. 2020

2nd International Conference on : Technologies &Amp; Business Models for Circular Economy: Conference Proceedings

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“…194 kJ/mol is the activation energy (Ea) obtained. However, when the catalysts such as (Fe-K/Al2O3) (Dimitris at al 2012) are present, this activation energy is reduced to138 kJ/mol considerably. In the recent days, there is a new efficient technique found to recycle the polystyrene.…”

Section: Eq1 Producing Polystyrene From Styrene Monomermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Technique for Water Hardness Removal by Using Polystyrene

2018

Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci.

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In the year 2006, Egypt generated a total of 16 million tons of municipal solid waste which was predicted to grow at a rate of 3.4 percent year-by-year. Plastics amount reach about 970 thousand MT/year (Ministry of Trade and Industry 2008). The Egyptian Styrene and Polystyrene Production Company '' E-STYRENICS'' is The Only Source for Producing Polystyrene in Egypt. The Company Produces 200,000 MTA Polystyrene. In the study, the usage of waste polystyrene is assessed whether it can remove the water hardness. Polystyrene, a solid or foamed synthetic aromatic polymer which is made from a number of monomer styrene. When it is used for general purposes, it seems to be hard, clear and usually brittle in nature. In terms of resin per unit weight, it is a cheap polymer that do not easily permits oxygen and water vapour inside it. Polystyrenes has relative low melting point (Billmeyer 1984). Polystyrene was first commercially produced by BASF in 1931. The inventors of this mass polymerization process had to resolve two conflicting problems. Heat removal from high-viscosity melts and development of an appropriate workup scheme Heat removal was accomplished by heat-exchange tubes in the polymer melts. Polystyrene was obtained after exit of the melt from a high-temperature polymerization zone, using an extrusion screw. Today's processes are characterized by a fully continuous polymerization with heat removal by evaporation of the styrene and solvent. The main advantage consistent temperature results in a high product quality with a narrow molecular weight distribution and high transparency (Huang 2001). The white coffee cups usually contains waste polystyrene which can be converted to adsorbent through the process of heterogenous sulfonation and in order to confirm its completion, IR technique is used (i.e., Infra-Red technique). Through titration methods, the cation exchange capacity and the degree of sulfonation can be confirmed. In distilled water, Magnesium or Calcium salts are dissolved in order to prepare the hard water. When compared to conventional adsorbent, the hard water is highly purified by the modified polymer (Kaminsky et al 2004). Structurally, polystyrene is considered as a cheap, hard plastic which is nothing, but a phenyl group attached at every carbon atom in the lengthy chain of hydrocarbons. When the styrene undergoes free radical vinyl polymerization, the polystyrene is produced. According to the literature (Hossain and Mehedi 2002) the polystyrene production is highly contributed as packaging materials such as meat trays, cups, trays, plates, bowls and yogurt. Though it is a sad truth that recycling of waste polystyrene occur rarely, it can be recycled throu gh three main ways such as material recycling, chemical recycling and thermal recycling. Polystyrene is an odorless, tasteless, rigid thermoplastic. As in (figure. 1) pure polystyrene has the following structure, which is produced from the polymerization of styrene monomer (Benning 1969). EquationNo.1 shows the polymerization reaction of polystyr...

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“…Hence, they are more commonly repurposed via mechanical recycling, burned or just discarded [133,134]. Depolymerisation of polyolefins usually requires thermal treatments at high temperature [54,135].…”

Section: Polyolefinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PS is a low-cost, hard and brittle plastic used both as a solid or foam in protective packaging, containers and trays [151]. It is a nonbiodegradable material accounting for about 10% of municipal solid waste [135]. It is soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, lower ethers and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and has a melting point around 240 °C [152].…”

Section: Polystyrene (Ps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

Liguori

Moreno‐Marrodán

Barbaro

2021

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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Metal-catalysed depolymerisation of plastics to reusable building blocks, including monomers, oligomers or added-value chemicals, is an attractive tool for the recycling and valorisation of these materials. The present manuscript shortly reviews the most significant contributions that appeared in the field within the period January 2010–January 2020 describing selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective processes, acid–base treatments as well as the production of fuels are not discussed, nor are the methods for the further upgrade of the depolymerisation products.

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Recent Advances in the Chemical Recycling of Polymers (PP, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PVC, PC, Nylon, PMMA)

Cited by 24 publications

References 132 publications

The Difficulties of Designing Technical-Economic Models for Czech Wastewater Treatment Plants

The Difficulties of Designing Technical-Economic Models for Czech Wastewater Treatment Plants

A Novel Technique for Water Hardness Removal by Using Polystyrene

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

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