Recent advances in the development of palladium nanocatalysts for sustainable organic transformations

Abstract

Synthetic organic transformations, which utilize large amount of hazardous raw materials, solvents, catalysts and energy as well as producing large amount of chemical waste, are vital for the production of...

Encapsulation of Metal Clusters within Porous Organic Materials: From Synthesis to Catalysis Applications

“…However, this method usually unintentionally blocks the metal active sites of MCs, thus causing a loss of their catalytic activity. Many other stabilizers with high surface area such as metal oxides, carbon, silica, etc have been utilized to support MCs which can retain their higher catalytic activity by exposing more surface atoms as accessible active site, while the weak interaction between MCs and these stabilizers easily leads to leaching and regrowth during the catalytic process [11–14] . Even though the MCs‐stabilizer interaction can be enhanced by using metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as supports, the labile nature of metal‐ligand bond under liquid‐phase catalytic conditions may pose a barrier for their pervasive applications in harsh conditions [15,16] .…”

Magnetic graphene oxide/carboxymethyl-imidazolium-grafted chitosan Schiff base nanocomposite: a new PdNPs support for efficient catalytic reduction of hazardous nitroarenes

“…As far as this aforesaid issue is concerned, nanocatalysts may offer another approach to eliminate the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts by preserving the desired attributes of both catalysts [ 13 ]. Among the heterogeneous nanocatalysts, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been a popular choice as nanocatalysts for sustainable organic transformations due to their amazing catalytic activity, selectivity, and physicochemical stability under different reaction conditions [ 14 ]. However, the primary limitation of employing the nascent PdNPs as catalysts is their aggregation, which signi cantly reduces their catalytic activity [14].…”

“…Among the heterogeneous nanocatalysts, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been a popular choice as nanocatalysts for sustainable organic transformations due to their amazing catalytic activity, selectivity, and physicochemical stability under different reaction conditions [ 14 ]. However, the primary limitation of employing the nascent PdNPs as catalysts is their aggregation, which signi cantly reduces their catalytic activity [14]. Therefore, various organic and inorganic materials have been widely applied as solid scaffolds to stabilize PdNPs and prevent their agglomeration as well [14].…”

“…However, the primary limitation of employing the nascent PdNPs as catalysts is their aggregation, which signi cantly reduces their catalytic activity [14]. Therefore, various organic and inorganic materials have been widely applied as solid scaffolds to stabilize PdNPs and prevent their agglomeration as well [14]. To name a few, functionalized SBA-15 [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], modi ed biopolymers [ 18 ], organohydrogels [ 19 ], poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)…”

“…[ 20 ], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [ 21 , 22 ], iron-iron oxide [ 23 ], functionalized graphene oxide [ 24 , 25 ], etc., have been used as effective solid supports for PdNPs in different catalytic reactions. However, paucity, preparation intricacy, toxicity, low stability, and low Pd-loading capacity, as well as palladium leaching, act as the major drawbacks of the majority of these solid supports, which limit their wider usage [14,26 ]. As a result, there is a growing need to design and develop green solid supports that are sustainable, cost-effective, have tunable physical properties (porosity, crystallinity, and surface functionality), and have several active coordination sites for binding, good dispersibility, and stabilization of PdNPs in order to sustain their catalytic activity and address the aforementioned challenges.…”