Recent Advances in the Development of Oxidoreductase-Based Biosensors for Detection of Phenolic Antioxidants in Food and Beverages

Abstract

Antioxidants are known to exhibit a protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related oxidative damage. As a result, inclusion of exogenous antioxidants in the diet has greatly increased. In this sense, detection and quantification of such antioxidants in various food and beverage items are of eminent importance. Monophenols and polyphenols are among the most prominent natural antioxidants. In this regard, biosensors have emerged as a simple, fast, and economical method for determination of such antioxidants. Owing to the fact that majority of the phenolic antioxidants are electroactive, oxidoreductase enzymes are the most extensively availed bioreceptors for their detection. Herein, the different types of oxidoreductases that have been utilized in biosensors for the biorecognition and quantification of natural phenolic compounds commonly present in foods and beverages are discussed. Apart from the most accustomed electrochemical biosensors, this review sheds light on the alternative transduction systems for the detection of phenolic antioxidants. Recent advances in the strategies involved in enzyme immobilization and surface modification of the biosensing platform are analyzed. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the latest developments in biosensor technology for phenolic antioxidant analysis in foodstuffs and future directions in this field.

Computational Insights into Enzyme‐Substrate Binding Interplay Exhibit Variable Binding Attributes: A Framework for Implementing Oxidoreductase‐Based Applications

“…Laccase‐like enzymes from bacterial cultures resemble fungal laccases however feature distinct activity [23] . Fungal LACs have been widely studied owing to their high redox potential [24,25] . Nevertheless, fungal laccases have many disadvantages, including low enzyme yield, inability to operate under severe pH levels, temperature, and high concentrations of salts, metals, and organic solvents [24] .…”

“…Fungal LACs have been widely studied owing to their high redox potential [24,25] . Nevertheless, fungal laccases have many disadvantages, including low enzyme yield, inability to operate under severe pH levels, temperature, and high concentrations of salts, metals, and organic solvents [24] . These limitations render them unsuitable for commercial applications [24] .…”

“…Nevertheless, fungal laccases have many disadvantages, including low enzyme yield, inability to operate under severe pH levels, temperature, and high concentrations of salts, metals, and organic solvents [24] . These limitations render them unsuitable for commercial applications [24] . The structural attributes of LACs differ based on their bacterial or fungal origin.…”

Self-Sufficient Reusable Biocatalytic System Outfitted with Multiple Oxidoreductases and Flexible Polypeptide-Based Cofactor Swing Arms

“…Oxidoreductases catalyze redox reactions and make up more than one quarter of all enzymes listed in the BRENDA database . Oxidoreductases have a wide range of applications, including chiral compound synthesis, − biosensing, − and disease treatment. − Most oxidoreductases require one or more cofactors, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to mediate electron transfer, and stoichiometric cofactors are used in the biotransformation of substrates. Some oxidases require flavin adenine dinucleotide to mediate electron transfer .…”