Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Arteriovenous Malformations and Fistulas

Nontraumatic Renal Arteriovenous Fistula

“…Patients usually present with hypertension and hematuria [3]. Etiologies include congenital, trauma, malignancies, surgery and percutaneous kidney biopsies [1,3] Treatment and management include transcatheter coil embolization, surgical resection, or a combination of the two for definitive treatment [3]. Embolization is generally preferred in patients with only one functioning kidney and in poor surgical candidates [2,4].…”

A Congenital Renal Arteriovenous Malformation Mimicking Renal Cell Carcinoma: Case Report

“…Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations account for up to 27% of all cases, and are of two distinct types, classical and aneurysmal. 2 Classical congenital renal arteriovenous malformations are more common and appear as intrarenal malformations, presenting with gross hematuria in more than 70% of cases. Aneurysmal congenital renal arteriovenous malformations present more commonly with hypertension and high-output cardiac failure and can mimic renal pathologies such as parapelvic cyst and renal cell carcinoma.…”

“…Aneurysmal congenital renal arteriovenous malformations present more commonly with hypertension and high-output cardiac failure and can mimic renal pathologies such as parapelvic cyst and renal cell carcinoma. [2][3][4] However, acquired renal arteriovenous malformations account for up to 80% of cases and may develop following trauma, surgery, renal biopsy, malignancy, and inflammation. Our case presented to the hospital with flank pain and an unusual renal mass in radiological imaging and clinical examination.…”

Arteriovenous fistula of the kidney: a case report of 47-year-old female patient treated by embolisation

“…It has been reported that a bruit is less frequent in cirsoid arteriovenous malformations and haematuria is more common in congenital malformations. 1,[5][6][7] Recently, Lekuona et al 8 presented a 56-year-old female with high-output heart failure secondary to large congenital arteriovenous fistula successfully treated by left nephrectomy with ligation of the fistula. The case report was entitled 'Congestive heart failure in a hypertensive patient (do not forget the stethoscope)' and it emphasised that the diagnosis was made on the basis of physical examination with a loud continuous bruit over the left upper abdominal area extending to the left flank.…”