Recent Advances in the Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Rice Resistance to Brown Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens Stål)

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of Earth’s population. Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is a host-specific pest of rice responsible for inducing major losses in rice production. Utilizing host resistance to control N. lugens is considered to be the most cost-effective method. Therefore, the exploration of resistance genes and resistance mechanisms has become the focus of breeders’ attention. During the long-term co-evolution process, rice has evolved multiple mechanisms to defend against BPH infection, and BPHs have evolved various mechanisms to overcome the defenses of rice plants. More than 49 BPH-resistance genes/QTLs have been reported to date, and the responses of rice to BPH feeding activity involve various processes, including MAPK activation, plant hormone production, Ca2+ flux, etc. Several secretory proteins of BPHs have been identified and are involved in activating or suppressing a series of defense responses in rice. Here, we review some recent advances in our understanding of rice–BPH interactions. We also discuss research progress in controlling methods of brown planthoppers, including cultural management, trap cropping, and biological control. These studies contribute to the establishment of green integrated management systems for brown planthoppers.

Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction for resistance to brown planthopper in rice

“…These included the known BPH-resistant genes Bph6 , Bph32 and Bph37 on chromosome 4 and 6, confirming the effectiveness of GWAS in identifying BPH-resistant gene. In addition, candidate genes were identified based on their protein domain similarity to the cloned BPH-resistant gene ( Shi et al., 2023 ), resulting in the identification of eight candidate genes ( Table 3 ). On chromosome 11, a significant cluster of SNPs was observed in the region spanning from 16.64 to 16.88 Mbp ( Figure 4D ).…”

“…The genes within the associated loci were identified through the MSU Rice Genome Annotation Project database, utilizing the Nipponbare genome release 7 ( http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/ ). Based on the gene annotation information, candidate genes were determined as those predicted to encode proteins similar to thoes encoded by cloned BPH-resistant genes, including CC-NB-LRR, CC-NB-NB-LRR, CC-NB, LRR and lectin receptor kinase ( Shi et al., 2023 ).…”

“…The resistance mechanism of rice to BPH can be divided into antibiosis, tolerance, and antixenosis from the physiological perspective ( Qiu et al., 2011 ). To date, over 49 BPH-resistant genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified and 17 BPH-resistant genes have been isolated in rice ( Shi et al., 2023 ). Among the mapped genes, Bph14 , Bph25 , Bph30 and Bph32 were reported to confer resistance via antibiosis ( Du et al., 2009 ; Myint et al., 2012 ; Ren et al., 2016 ; Wang et al., 2018b ); bph7 , Bph28 and Bph37 were considered to confer tolerance to BPH ( Qiu et al., 2014 ; Wu et al., 2014 ; Yang et al., 2019 ); Bph6 , Bph9 , Bph18 , Bph27 , Bph27(t) , Bph33 and Bph36 confer resistance through a combination of antibiosis and antixenosis ( He et al., 2013 ; Huang et al., 2013 ; Ji et al., 2016 ; Zhao et al., 2016 ; Guo et al., 2018 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2019 ); bph39(t) , bph40(t) through a combination of antibiosis and tolerance ( Akanksha et al., 2019 ); and Bph31 through a combination of antibiosis, antixenosis and tolerance ( Prahalada et al., 2017 ).…”