Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics

Abstract

Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed.

Applications of red light photoredox catalysis in organic synthesis

“…Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has attracted extensive attention from researchers in recent years. 8 The photophysical principle of such a process is the conversion of low-energy photons into high-energy ones, in which a sensitizer and an annihilator are indispensable (Fig. 6).…”

“…Through a similar principle to the aforementioned red light photoredox catalysis through upconversion, NIR photoredox catalysis could also be realized through upconversion. 8…”

“…4a). Red light photoredox catalysis through upconversion implies a triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), 8 which includes two catalytic cycles (Fig. 4b).…”

Materials Nanoarchitectonics at Dynamic Interfaces: Structure Formation and Functional Manipulation

“…The research papers that claim to be nanoarchitectonics are as follows. The application of nanoarchitectonics can be seen in basic fields, such as the synthesis of functional materials [ 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 ], the control of specific structures [ 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 ], the creation of structures [ 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 ], basic physics [ 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 ], relatively basic biochemistry [ 253 , 254 ,…”

Confined Space Nanoarchitectonics for Dynamic Functions and Molecular Machines

“…In fact, the research papers advocating nanoarchitectonics have a very wide range of material processes and applications. In basic fields, nanoarchitectonics can be applied to material synthesis [135][136][137][138][139][140][141], microstructure control [142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149], the elucidation of physical phenomena [150][151][152][153][154][155], and basic life science research [156][157][158][159][160][161]. In the applicationoriented fields, there are reports of applications in catalysis [162][163][164][165][166][167], sensors [168][169][170][171][172], devices [173][174][175][176][177][178], energy generation [179][180][181...…”