Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Vacancy-Ordered Halide Double Perovskite Materials for Solar Cells: A Promising Alternative to Lead-Based Perovskites

Abstract

Lead-based halide perovskite materials are being developed as efficient light-absorbing materials for use in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). PSCs have shown remarkable progress in power conversion efficiency, increasing from 3.80% to more than 25% within a decade, showcasing their potential as a promising renewable energy technology. Although PSCs have many benefits, including a high light absorption coefficient, the ability to tune band gap, and a long charge diffusion length, the poor stability and the toxicity of lead represent a significant disadvantage for commercialization. To address this issue, research has focused on developing stable and nontoxic halide perovskites for use in solar cells. A potential substitute is halide double perovskites (HDPs), particularly vacancy-ordered HDPs, as they offer greater promise because they can be processed using a solution-based method. This review provides a structural analysis of HDPs, the various synthesis methods for vacancy-ordered HDPs, and their impact on material properties. Recent advances in vacancy-ordered HDPs are also discussed, including their role in active and transport layers of solar cells. Furthermore, valuable insights for developing high-performance vacancy-ordered HDP solar cells are reported from the detailed information presented in recent simulation studies. Finally, the potential of vacancy-ordered HDPs as a substitute for lead-based perovskites is outlined. Overall, the ability to tune optical and electronic properties and the high stability and nontoxicity of HDPs have positioned them as a promising candidate for use in photovoltaic applications.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of MAPbX3‐Based Perovskites (X=Cl, Br, I) for Photovoltaic Applications

“…[6,19] Now, since 2009, these hybrid perovskite solar cells have shown a significant increase in PCE from 3.8 % to 25.6 %. [20,21] A tremendous increment was observed in the PCE of solar cells in the last 7-8 years. [22,23] The primary factor that leads to the sharp increase in the performance efficiency of photovoltaics within a short period is the hybrid concept where both inorganic and organic solar cells are utilized based on efficient operation principles.…”

Materials Nanoarchitectonics at Dynamic Interfaces: Structure Formation and Functional Manipulation

“…The history of the development of functional materials corresponds to the history of human progress. Even today, the development of various functional materials is still necessary to meet the demands of energy [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], the environment [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and biomedical requirements [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Modern science and technology must develop materials for various functions, such as for energy production [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], energy storage [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ], separation [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ,…”

A Density Functional Theory Exploration of Cs2B′B″I6 (B′B″: BeCa, BeSr, GeCd, GeBe, GeMg) Halide Double Perovskites for Optimal Solar Cell and Renewable Energy Applications

“…[ 39,40 ] Ongoing efforts aim to develop halide perovskites that are both stable and environmentally safe for application in solar cells. [ 41–48 ] Historically, in the early 1960s, K 2 TiBr 6 , Rb 2 TiBr 6 , and Cs 2 TiBr 6 were synthesized using fused SbBr 3 as the solvent. [ 49 ] Subsequent methodologies led to the creation of Cs 2 NaAmCl 6 and multiple hybrid DPs (HDPs) with the formula Cs 2 NaMCl 6 .…”