“…[ 163,164 ] Thereinto, carbon materials afford a key role in disease diagnosis and therapy by their superior capability in biosensing. [ 165,166 ] Currently, the detection platform has been mainly relied on the noble metalâbased nanomaterials (such as Au, [ 167 ] Ag, [ 168,169 ] Pt, [ 170 ] and Pd [ 171 ] ) due to their plasmonic resonance. [ 172 ] In comparison to noble metals, carbon nanomaterials display the advantages for biosensing due to following three aspects: 1) the carbon nanomaterials are more costâeffective than noble metals (carbon of â$ 0.03 per gram, Au of â$60 per gram/Ag of â$25 per gram/Pt of â$34 per gram); [ 173,174 ] 2) the carbon nanomaterials are obtained from plentiful raw materials especially sustainable biomass materials, superior to the noble metals with limited source; 3) the carbon nanomaterials are prepared with uniformity and structural diversity, while preparing noble metals with controllable composition and structures have been still limited.…”