Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering

An adaptive biodegradable zinc alloy with bidirectional regulation of bone homeostasis for treating fractures and aged bone defects

“…In the process of bone defect repair, the pore structure of the scaffold provides space for the growth of osteoblasts and interaction between cells [ 78 ]. Scaffolds with high porosity possess a larger surface area, facilitating enhanced interaction with the ECM and supporting the internal growth of new bone and blood vessels [ 79 ]. In addition, prolonged interaction between the scaffold and the ECM will contribute to pore occlusion.…”

Polyelectrolytes for Environmental, Agricultural, and Medical Applications

“…Thus, complex biological structures have been developed with a natural architecture with great potential for the replacement of organs with chronic problems; after solving some deficiencies such as a greater expansion of cells required for organ designs, and greater precision in printing blood vessels in terms of the interior diameters of different thick structures, the resulting autologous engineering tissue can be transplanted back into the patient to repair or replace injured/sick organs with a low rejection risk (See Figure 12) [182]. However, research continues to focus on overcoming obstacles such as opti polyelectrolyte-cell interaction, the long-term stability of materials, the ability to fully functional tissues, and exploring new ways to use polyelectrolytes in tissue en ing [183]. This has resulted in significant advances in regenerative medicine and th tion of artificial tissues, contributing to overcoming challenges in this field, such generation of support matrices and scaffolds, growth factor release, and vascular engineering, among others [180,184].…”

Graphene Production and Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…The unique energy level structure and optical properties, controllable thickness, simplicity in modification and doping, inherent bioactivity, high biocompatibility, and biodegradability are just a few of the distinctive properties of 2D nanomaterials. Additionally, 2D nanomaterials' large specific surface area makes them good carriers of nanoparticles or medicines [52]. In addition to graphene, scientists in recent years have proposed the following: 2D oxide and hydroxide nanosheets [53], black phosphorus nanoparticles, nanodots, nanosheets [54], non-spherical metal nanomaterials (noble metal or transition metal dichalcogenides) [55], or hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticle [56].…”