Recent Advances of Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Sensors for Flexible Electronics in the Detection of Organophosphorus Compounds: A Review

Abstract

Emerging materials integrated into high performance flexible electronics to detect environmental contaminants have received extensive attention worldwide. The accurate detection of widespread organophosphorus (OP) compounds in the environment is crucial due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations, which leads to acute health concerns. Therefore, developing rapid, highly sensitive, reliable, and facile analytical sensing techniques is necessary to monitor environmental, ecological, and food safety risks. Although enzyme-based sensors have better sensitivity, their practical usage is hindered due to their low specificity and stability. Therefore, among various detection methods of OP compounds, this review article focuses on the progress made in the development of enzyme-free electrochemical sensors as an effective nostrum. Further, the novel materials used in these sensors and their properties, synthesis methodologies, sensing strategies, analytical methods, detection limits, and stability are discussed. Finally, this article summarizes potential avenues for future prospective electrochemical sensors and the current challenges of enhancing the performance, stability, and shelf life.

Recent advancements in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor development for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides in food and environment

“…Furthermore, the fusion of polymers and carbonaceous nanomaterials, for example carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) and graphene, with metal oxides is pushing the frontier of metal oxide research by enhancing their electronic properties [ [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] ]. Several review articles have been published concerning electrochemical sensors for detecting OPPs [ [70] , [71] , [72] ]. However, the current body of literature on non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of OPPs, which is experiencing rapid expansion, remains unexplored by these reviews.…”

Detection of Environmentally Harmful Malathion Pesticides Using a Bimetallic Oxide of CuO Nanoparticles Dispersed over a 3D ZnO Nanoflower

“…Enzyme deactivation and sensor malfunction can be caused by harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to design nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors for malathion detection that are more stable and require a simpler preparation technique [9][10][11].…”