“…Researchers mentioned disadvantages such as laborious analysis, costly processes, complications, exposure to diverse interferences, derivatization reactions, and pollution ( Maaref et al, 2018 ; Farvardin et al, 2020 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ; Jahani et al, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ; Ren et al, 2023 ; Özcan et al, 2023 ). It was demonstrated that electrochemical approaches are efficient analytical procedures with the following characteristics: easy to use, rapid response, inexpensiveness, and portability ( Akbari et al, 2020 ; Iranmanesh et al, 2020 ; Moarefdoust et al, 2021 ; Antherjanam and Saraswathyamma, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ; Cai et al, 2023 ; Tang et al, 2023 ; Wan et al, 2023 ). In fact, scholars have increased the sensitivity for detecting the electroactive analytes using chemical modifiers and a wide range of nanomaterials have been applied to determine the analytes ( Wu et al, 2023 ; Kambale and Lokhande, 2023 ; Zhao et al, 2023 ; Taherizadeh et al, 2023 ; Guo et al, 2023 ; Ghasemi et al, 2023 ).…”