Recent Advances of Hepatitis B Detection towards Paper-Based Analytical Devices

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) still remains a major global public health problem. One-half to one-third of the total HBV infected people died due to late detection of HBV. Serological antigen and viral HBV detections can help in the diagnosis, referral, and treatment of HBV. Available methods for HBV detection mostly used bulky instruments. Miniaturization of devices for HBV detection has been started by narrowing down the size of the devices. Several methods have also been proposed to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the miniaturized methods, such as sandwich recognition of the biomarkers and the use of nano- to micro-sized materials. This review presents recent HBV detections in the last two decades from laboratory-based instruments towards microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) for point-of-care testing (POCT) purposes. Early and routine analysis to detect HBV as early as possible could be achieved by POCT, especially for areas with limited access to a central laboratory and/or medical facilities.

Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor as Label-Free Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Proteins with Opposite Net Charges

“…To date, various types of immunosensors have been proposed for HBV infection diagnosis [ 45 ], including HBV X gene detection [ 46 ], and HBsAg detection [ 29 , 30 ]. These sensors were developed to address the disadvantages of current diagnosis methods, such as the required bulky instruments or complicated procedures.…”

Lateral Flow Assay for Hepatitis B Detection: A Review of Current and New Assays

“…The analysis of biomarker levels in bodily fluids establishes the degree of HBV infection [ 4 ]. The most used assays for the detection of HBV are serological assays, such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]; chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]; electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]; and molecular assays, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] and real-time PCR [ 21 , 22 ]. The screening and diagnosis of the laboratory-based serological assay/immunoassays are based on immunoreactions between antigens and antibodies connected to enzymatic reactions in a serological sample, whilst the molecular assay reveals details regarding the existence of unusual deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands, estimation of the infectious risk, selection of a course of treatment, and infection monitoring [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

“…The analysis of biomarker levels in bodily fluids establishes the degree of HBV infection [4]. The most used assays for the detection of HBV are serological assays, such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), also known as enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [5][6][7][8]; chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) [9][10][11]; electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) [12][13][14][15][16]; and molecular assays, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [17][18][19][20] and real-time PCR [21,22].…”