Recent advances of lead-free metal halide perovskite single crystals and nanocrystals: synthesis, crystal structure, optical properties, and their diverse applications

Lattice Doping of Lanthanide Ions in Cs 2 AgInCl 6 Nanocrystals Enabling Tunable Photoluminescence

“…Nevertheless, considering their lead toxicity and low stability, it is urgent to seek environmentally friendly semiconductor materials in this database. At this time, leadfree halide perovskites were discovered with lower toxicity and higher stability and have attracted great interests [5][6][7][8][9]. There are many choices for the replacement of Pb 2+ by other benign metal ions, including the incorporation of isovalent Sn 2+ ions [10] and substitution of trivalent Bi 3+ or Sb 3+ ions forming the similar composition as Cs 3 Bi 2 Cl 9 [11][12][13].…”

Vacuum‐Processed Metal Halide Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes: Prospects and Challenges

“…Moreover, the elimination of toxic lead elements in the perovskite structure is necessary to make PeLEDs ecofriendly and sustainable. [76][77][78] The PeLED's performance relies on the individual interfaces or proper selection of transporting layers, that inject the charges from opposite electrodes to active materials and recombine radiatively to facilitate out-coupling of light. The selection of the ETL and HTL is governed by the energy band alignment and mobilities of the materials.…”

Lead-Free Perovskite Single Crystals: A Brief Review

“…X-ray detection plays an important role for scientific study, medical diagnosis, and industrial inspection [12,70]. LFPSCs can be good candidates for X-ray detection because of some unique properties including large X-ray attenuation coefficients; a suitable bandgap (1.5 to 5.0 eV); highly crystalline with lower trap density; large bulk resistivity with less ion migration; high sensitivity and stability; and low toxicity [71,72].…”

“…However, the severe toxicity and chronic degrading of lead (Pb), the aqueous solubility may cause the contamination of ground water, and the poor stability when exposed to oxygen, heat, moisture and UV light, has retarded the expanded applications of lead halide perovskites [12][13][14]. Although numerous nontoxic elements have been reported as dopants, the residual Pb may still present environmental risk.…”

“…where, r A , r B , and r X are the ionic radius of the A-site, B-site, and halide site, respectively. LFPSCs can be classified into four categories based on their crystal structure and the valency of the B cation: (i) divalent metal cation perovskites: ABX [12,22]. Though a number of efforts have been devoted to develop various LFPCs, a lack of comprehensive understanding towards the synthesis methods, properties, and the device performance still restrict their practical application.…”