Recent Advances of Lignin Functionalization for High-Performance and Advanced Functional Rubber Composites

Wu, Zhengzhe; Lin, Xiran; Teng, Jiye; Li, Ming; Song, Junlong; Huang, Caoxing; Wang, Runguo; Ying, Hanjie; Zhang, Liqun; Zhu, Chenjie

doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00606

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…In essence, the application of both micro and nanofibers in surface modification processes represents a pivotal strategy for elevating the properties of plant fibers and their resultant biocomposites. Through structural refinement, mechanical reinforcement, and functional augmentation, these advanced techniques pave the way for the development of biocomposite materials that exhibit unparalleled performance characteristics, thereby driving innovation and sustainability in various industries [226,227] …”

Section: Application Of Both Micro and Nanofibers In Surface Modifica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through structural refinement, mechanical reinforcement, and functional augmentation, these advanced techniques pave the way for the development of biocomposite materials that exhibit unparalleled performance characteristics, thereby driving innovation and sustainability in various industries. [226,227]…”

Section: Application Of Both Micro and Nanofibers In Surface Modifica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Surface Modification of Plant Fibers for Enhancing Properties of Biocomposites

Karthik,

Bhuvaneshwaran,

Senthil Kumar

et al. 2024

ChemistrySelect

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Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in creating environmentally friendly products using natural resources. Plant fibers, also known as lignocellulosic fibers, are hydrophilic due to the interaction and attraction between water molecules and the hydroxyl groups present in their components. The inherent hydrophilicity of plant fibers often prevents them from interacting effectively with hydrophobic polymer matrices. In order to improve the adhesion between plant fibers and the matrix, it is necessary to modify the surface of the fibers. Commonly used chemical processes include mercerization, silane treatment, acetylation, permanganate treatment, acrylation, benzoylation, peroxide treatment, stearic acid treatment, isocyanate treatment and sodium chlorite intervention. The desirability of chemically modifying the surface of plant fibers has declined due to several limitations. Plant fibers can be modified in an environmentally friendly way by various methods, such as plasma therapy and treatments using fungi, enzymes and bacteria. This part provides an analysis of the impact of different environmentally friendly surface modification techniques on the properties of plant fibers and reinforced polymers.

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Section: Application Of Both Micro and Nanofibers In Surface Modifica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Both Micro and Nanofibers In Surface Modifica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Surface Modification of Plant Fibers for Enhancing Properties of Biocomposites

Karthik,

Bhuvaneshwaran,

Senthil Kumar

et al. 2024

ChemistrySelect

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show abstract

“…One obstacle to the use of lignin as a reinforcing filler is its great polarity, and consequently, its poor dispersion and weak interaction with usual nonpolar rubbers. 14,15 Several attempts have been made to bypass this problem, such as chemical modification of lignin, [16][17][18][19] change of rubber processing 20,21 and the use of a compatibility additive. [22][23][24][25][26] Hait et al 22 used bis (3-triethoxysilyl propyl) tetrasulfide silane (TESPT) as a coupling agent for lignin and butadiene rubber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Campos,

da Rocha,

Furtado

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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The paper and pulp industry produces lignin as a byproduct, which could be a bio‐based reinforcing filler for rubber. Carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) contains carboxyl groups that form ionic bonds with zinc oxide, potentially increasing compatibility with lignin, compared to usual nonpolar rubbers. This study employed the traditional mixing method, two‐roll mill, to incorporate hardwood Kraft lignin without chemical or physical modification as a reinforcing filler in commercial XNBR. A mixture design of experiments was used to explore the effect on rubber/lignin interaction of the carboxyl group content (from 1% to 7% in blends of XNBR) and the amount of lignin (from 0 to 40 phr). Adding 40 phr of lignin increased stress at 100% in XNBR 7% from 1.7 to 6.3 MPa. In XNBR 1%, the increase was from 1.2 to 1.9 MPa. Lignin showed better interaction and dispersion with XNBR 7%, determined from response surface of G′ at high deformations and SEM, respectively. Loss of thermal transition in DMA indicates interaction through ionic groups. These results show that the presence of carboxyl groups enhances the rubber/lignin interaction. This research open possibilities of compatibilization of lignin, offering guidance for future studies and technologies involving lignin in technical applications.Highlights Lignin dispersion increased as the carboxyl group content increased to 7% (w/w). Stress at 100% elongation increased 370% with 40 phr of lignin and 7% carboxyl. Rubber/lignin interaction as per G′ increased with carboxyl groups. Loss of thermal transition suggests lignin/carboxy/zinc oxide interaction. Lignin can be used as a reinforcing filler in nitrile carboxylated rubber.

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Sulfur and peroxide curing of NBR based rubber compounds filled with kraft lignin and calcium lignosulfonate

Kruželák,

Džuganová,

Hložeková

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rubber compounds based on acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber were filled with biopolymer fillers, namely kraft lignin, and calcium lignosulfonate. For cross‐linking of rubber compounds, sulfur curing system, dicumyl peroxide, and combination of dicumyl peroxide with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate were used. The main objective of the work was to investigate the influence of biopolymer fillers content and curing system composition on vulcanization process of rubber compounds, cross‐link density, morphology, and physical‐mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The results revealed that rubber compounds filled with calcium lignosulfonate can be efficiently cured with sulfur as well as peroxide curing systems. Modulus, hardness, and elongation at break were strongly dependent on cross‐link density. Vulcanizates filled with high content of lignosulfonate exhibited comparable values of tensile strength, regardless of the curing system applied. The application of kraft lignin into peroxide systems cured rubber compounds resulted in undesirable reactions between functional groups of the biopolymer and peroxide radicals. Depletion of peroxide radicals resulted in significant deceleration of curing process and decrease in cross‐link density of vulcanizates. This was reflected in typical change of physical‐mechanical characteristics, decrease in modulus and hardness, and increase in elongation at break. Very good adhesion and compatibility between the kraft lignin and the rubber matrix resulted in enhancement of tensile behavior of vulcanizates cured with sulfur system.

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Recent Advances of Lignin Functionalization for High-Performance and Advanced Functional Rubber Composites

Cited by 7 publications

References 113 publications

A Review on Surface Modification of Plant Fibers for Enhancing Properties of Biocomposites

A Review on Surface Modification of Plant Fibers for Enhancing Properties of Biocomposites

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Sulfur and peroxide curing of NBR based rubber compounds filled with kraft lignin and calcium lignosulfonate

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