Recent Advances of Pore Structure in Disordered Carbons for Sodium Storage: A Mini Review

Abstract

Disordered carbons as the most promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted much attention, due to the widely‐distributed sources and potentially high output voltage when applied in full cells owing to the almost lowest voltage plateau. The complex microstructure makes the sodium storage mechanism of disordered carbons controversial. Recently, many studies show that the plateau region of disordered carbons are closely related to the embedment of sodium ion/semimetal in nanopores. In this regard, the classification, characterization and construction of nanopores are exhaustively discussed in this review. In addition, perspectives about the controllable construction of nanopores are presented in the last section, aiming to catch out more valuable studies include not only the construction of closed pores to enhance capacity but also the design of carbon materials to understand Na storage mechanism.

Pre-crosslinking enables a promising cyclodextrin-derived carbon anode with large plateau capacity for sodium ion batteries

“…8,9 The randomly-distributed carbon layers along with a considerable number of closed pores in hard carbons can provide affluent active sites for sodium storage, making them quite promising as anodes for practical SIBs. [10][11][12] Synthetic resins, biomass and carbohydrate derivatives are three kinds of precursors to synthesize carbon-based materials. 13 Synthetic resins have impressive carbon yields and excellent sodium storage properties, but their high price is the key factor preventing their large-scale application in SIBs.…”

“…8,9 The randomly-distributed carbon layers along with a considerable number of closed pores in hard carbons can provide affluent active sites for sodium storage, making them quite promising as anodes for practical SIBs. 10–12…”

Modified Recovered Carbon from Aluminum Electrolysis by Expansion Treatment as an Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…In order to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries, there are many methods such as surface coating, doping modification, and layer expansion. − Nevertheless the layer expansion method is more suitable for the treatment of carbon materials with distinct lamellar structure (e.g., RC and graphite) compared with other methods. ,, Wen et al obtained the expanded graphite through a process of oxidation and partial reduction, and the interlayer spacing was expanded to 0.43 nm by introducing oxygen-containing groups. Used as the anode for sodium-ion batteries, its specific capacity was about 180 mAh g –1 after 2000 cycles at 100 mA g –1 with a capacity retention rate of 73.92%.…”

Rational Design of Hollow Structural Materials for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes

“…[7] During the charging process, the cathode provides electrons to the external circuit, and a flow of current is formed. [8][9][10] To maintain charge neutrality, some of the intercalated sodium ions in the cathode dissolve into the electrolyte, then move to the anode and get intercalated into the structure. [11][12][13] During the discharging process, the electrons and ions move in a reverse manner.…”

“…A SIB consists of an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte [7] . During the charging process, the cathode provides electrons to the external circuit, and a flow of current is formed [8–10] . To maintain charge neutrality, some of the intercalated sodium ions in the cathode dissolve into the electrolyte, then move to the anode and get intercalated into the structure [11–13] .…”