Abstract:The increase of geomorphological research during the last decades in the Gorce Mts. caused the need for state-of-art review papers. The Gorce Mountains were formed as an isolated massif with Mt Turbacz (1310 m a.s.l.) as the highest summit. River channels are remodeled by sudden and high-level floods with the critical impact of log jams. The main processes influencing hillslope relief were landsliding, run-off, and tree uprooting. The review suggests the following issues await for studies: a long-term landscap… Show more
“…The Gorce Mountains, containing forests and characterized by a high degree of biodiversity, are surrounded by dense built‐up areas (Chwistek, 2006; Kurzeja, 2006). Moreover, from a geomorphological point of view the Gorce Mountains are different from other Outer Carpathian mountain belts, due to the horn‐like structure of the mountain range (Kroh & Pawlik, 2021). The area is characterized by high anthropogenic impact: it is a popular tourist destination (Popko‐Tomasiewicz, 2006), but also subject to the increasing impact of motorized vehicles.…”
The grasslands which are an important part of an ecosystem are endangered due to abandonment of traditional forms of land use. Preservation of biodiversity of semi‐natural grassland communities is of great importance, therefore it is important to identify threats and prepare a sustainable plan for their protection The goal of this study was to develop an approach to predict threatened grasslands hotspots, basing on multi‐factor machine learning analyses. The Gorce Mountains in the Polish Carpathians were chosen as a study area, as it is region partially protected by National Park, surrounded by villages with different socio‐economic conditions (agriculture or touristic oriented). The grasslands were identified and classified on Sentinel‐2 multispectral imagery. As lack of regular mowing of grasslands was found as main factor promoting forest succession. Therefore, in order to find endangered grasslands areas, support vector machines' algorithm was used to classify them in mowed and unmowed categories. Then the preservation potential of grasslands was modeled with the random forest method, based on the grasslands' mowing classification, digital terrain model, land‐use and population statistical data, and the historical forest extent. We found the grasslands above 750 m above sea level to be the most endangered. Also, the tourism activity and ongoing changes in employment structure from agriculture to services has had a negative influence on the grasslands preservation potential. On the other hand, the Gorce National Park's active grassland conservation by mowing and grazing was shown as a positive element in keeping with the high biodiversity of the area.
“…The Gorce Mountains, containing forests and characterized by a high degree of biodiversity, are surrounded by dense built‐up areas (Chwistek, 2006; Kurzeja, 2006). Moreover, from a geomorphological point of view the Gorce Mountains are different from other Outer Carpathian mountain belts, due to the horn‐like structure of the mountain range (Kroh & Pawlik, 2021). The area is characterized by high anthropogenic impact: it is a popular tourist destination (Popko‐Tomasiewicz, 2006), but also subject to the increasing impact of motorized vehicles.…”
The grasslands which are an important part of an ecosystem are endangered due to abandonment of traditional forms of land use. Preservation of biodiversity of semi‐natural grassland communities is of great importance, therefore it is important to identify threats and prepare a sustainable plan for their protection The goal of this study was to develop an approach to predict threatened grasslands hotspots, basing on multi‐factor machine learning analyses. The Gorce Mountains in the Polish Carpathians were chosen as a study area, as it is region partially protected by National Park, surrounded by villages with different socio‐economic conditions (agriculture or touristic oriented). The grasslands were identified and classified on Sentinel‐2 multispectral imagery. As lack of regular mowing of grasslands was found as main factor promoting forest succession. Therefore, in order to find endangered grasslands areas, support vector machines' algorithm was used to classify them in mowed and unmowed categories. Then the preservation potential of grasslands was modeled with the random forest method, based on the grasslands' mowing classification, digital terrain model, land‐use and population statistical data, and the historical forest extent. We found the grasslands above 750 m above sea level to be the most endangered. Also, the tourism activity and ongoing changes in employment structure from agriculture to services has had a negative influence on the grasslands preservation potential. On the other hand, the Gorce National Park's active grassland conservation by mowing and grazing was shown as a positive element in keeping with the high biodiversity of the area.
“…Within this mountain group, the Gorce National Park was created in 1981. The park covers an area of 70.30 km 2 , which is 12.2% of the Gorce area (Kroh & Pawlik, 2021 ). Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thanks to the relief described above, the massif constitutes a clear and compact barrier to the west and north-west winds dominating in the region (IMGW, 2021). The building blocks of Gorce are the Carpathian flysch formed by rootles (detached from their substratum) nappes, consisting of series of alternating marine deposits of sandstones, shales, and claystones built of clay minerals, quartz, feldspar, muscovite, and similar minerals (Golonka et al, 2021;Kroh & Pawlik, 2021). Therefore, it is not a significant source of the tested heavy metals (Bońda & Brzeziński, 2017;Cieszkowski et al, 2017;Szczęch & Cieszkowski, 2021).…”
Section: Characterization Of the Gorce Mountainsmentioning
The main objective of this study was to determine the content, mobility, and the variability of concentration of zinc, lead, and cadmium in soils from the Gorce Mountains (south Poland), located over 100 km south-east from the potential industrial sources of contamination—zinc-lead sulfide ore mine and smelter in Bukowno, as well as hard coal mines of Silesia region and Kraków Nowa-Huta steelwork. The abovementioned problem is crucial in the context of the traditional mountain farming still extant in the region, as well as intensively developing tourism. The geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk index were adopted to evaluate soil pollution in the study area and the BCR sequential extraction technique to assess mobility of the abovementioned elements. The obtained results clearly show that the pollution from distant industrial sources in the mountains is detectable. Apart from the increased concentrations of the tested metals in the soil (especially available forms), there is also a strong correlation between the concentrations of lead, zinc, and cadmium, which proves their common source of origin. The main evidence is the fact that differences in the concentrations of the tested metals on the windward and leeward sides were statistically significant. This also means that the studied mountain area, despite relatively low altitudes (up to 1310 m above sea level), constitutes a measurable barrier to the spread of atmospheric pollutants.
“…ample [44,45]. The use of geometric fields of equal area and shape enables full comparability of the presented phenomena at a given level of aggregation [46].…”
Section: Study Areamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The first method makes it possible to obtain a complete picture of the distribution of the intensity of the analyzed phenomenon in space, while the second makes it possible to trace the process of the increase in the distance of buildings from city centers. Analyses conducted with the use of a grid of primary fields make it possible to divide the space into regular smaller polygons (grids), which is not possible with the use of an administrative or cadastral division, due to the different surface areas of the divisions; it is a method used by many researchers, for example [44,45]. The use of geometric fields of equal area and shape enables full comparability of the presented phenomena at a given level of aggregation [46].…”
Suburbanization is a phase of the development of cities that consists in the growth of the suburban zone at the expense of the city center, which becomes gradually depopulated. The phenomenon of uncontrolled suburbanization (urban sprawl) causes infrastructural (including transport), environmental, social, economic, and legal problems. This paper presents the results of a study of the phenomenon of suburbanization conducted on the basis of vector data using two methods: one based on the use of a grid of primary square fields, and one based on the use of concentric zones/rings. The analyses were conducted in the surroundings of the Tricity agglomeration, which is located in the northern part of Poland on the Gulf of Gdansk, and covered the period from 2000 to 2018. Using a grid of primary fields, the areas of the greatest increase and decrease in the developed areas, irrespective of administrative boundaries, were determined for the selected periods, and the areas of the constant positive and negative balance of the buildings were identified. Using concentric rings, the process of the shifting of the new development zones was traced. The paper also refers to the route of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway (PKM), which was commissioned in 2015, and its potential impact on suburbanization in the Tricity area. The results made it possible to trace the suburbanization process in time and space and to learn the advantages and disadvantages of the use of vector data in spatial studies.
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