Recent advances on the development and application of magnetic activated carbon and char for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from waters: A review

Rocha, Luciana S.; Pereira, Diogo; Sousa, Érika M.L.; Otero, Marta; Esteves, Valdemar I.; Calisto, Vânia

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137272

Cited by 121 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…One of the main features of these materials is their magnetism. Magnetic carbons are more suitable for specific applications (e.g., liquid-phase applications) because they are more easily separated from the reaction media using magnets, avoiding the necessity for lengthy centrifugation and/or filtration steps [99][100][101][102][103]. The magnetic properties of FeCl 3 -derived activated carbons have been analyzed using their magnetic hysteresis curves ( Figure 10).…”

Section: Magnetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

et al. 2020

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This study reviews the most relevant results on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of activated carbons obtained by novel chemical activation with FeCl3. The text includes a description of the activation mechanism, which compromises three different stages: (1) intense de-polymerization of the carbon precursor (up to 300 °C), (2) devolatilization and formation of the inner porosity (between 300 and 700 °C), and (3) dehydrogenation of the fixed carbon structure (>700 °C). Among the different synthesis conditions, the activation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of FeCl3 to carbon precursor), are the most relevant parameters controlling the final properties of the resulting activated carbons. The characteristics of the carbons in terms of porosity, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties are analyzed in detail. These carbons showed a well-developed porous texture mainly in the micropore size range, an acidic surface with an abundance of oxygen surface groups, and a superparamagnetic character due to the presence of well-distributed iron species. These properties convert these carbons into promising candidates for different applications. They are widely analyzed as adsorbents in aqueous phase applications due to their porosity, surface acidity, and ease of separation. The presence of stable and well-distributed iron species on the carbons’ surface makes them promising catalysts for different applications. Finally, the presence of iron compounds has been shown to improve the graphitization degree and conductivity of the carbons; these are consequently being analyzed in energy storage applications.

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Section: Magnetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

et al. 2020

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“…In recent years, global concern about the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in water has significantly increased. A wide variety of pharmaceutical compounds, such as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antibiotics, contrast or antiepileptic agents, has recently been detected in many water resources [1]. The pharmaceutical compounds found in the environment come mainly from the elimination of these molecules and their metabolites by humans or animals under therapeutic treatment and/or and inadequate treatment of manufacturing effluents [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal-Loaded Mesoporous MCM-41 for the Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation (CWPO) of Acetaminophen

et al. 2021

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MCM-41 based catalysts (molar ratio Si/Al = 40) were prepared by a hydrothermal route, modified by ionic exchange with different metals (Cu, Cr, Fe and Zn) and finally calcined at 550 °C. The catalysts were fully characterized by different techniques that confirmed the formation of oxides of the different metals on the surfaces of all materials. Low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that calcination resulted in the incorporation of metallic Zn, Fe and Cr in the framework of MCM-41, while in the case of Cu, thin layers of CuO were formed on the surface of MCM-41. The solids obtained were tested in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of acetaminophen at different temperatures (25–55 °C). The activity followed the order: Cr/MCM-41 ≥ Fe/MCM-41 > Cu/MCM-41 > Zn/MCM-41. The increase of the reaction temperature improved the performance and activity of Cr/MCM-41 and Fe/MCM-41 catalysts, which achieved complete conversion of acetaminophen in short reaction times (15 min in the case of Cr/MCM-41). Fe/MCM-41 and Cr/MCM-41 were submitted to long-term experiments, being the Fe/MCM-41 catalyst the most stable with a very low metal leaching. The leaching results were better than those previously reported in the literature, confirming the high stability of Fe/MCM-41 catalysts synthesized in this study.

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Section: Mpac Stability and Reactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several researchers have tested the reactivation of MPAC after adsorption of different micropollutants using organic solvents, deionized water, alkaline solutions, and thermal treatment (Rocha et al 2020). The success of using organic solvents depended mostly on the hydrophobicity of the adsorbed micropollutants; the most successful reactivation method seems to be thermal treatment (Rocha et al 2020). Additional research demonstrated that spent MPAC treated at 350 °C for three to eight hours allowed recovering the adsorption capacity of MPAC without compromising its pore structure or magnetic properties for up to four reuse cycles (Wong et al 2016).…”

Section: Mpac Stability and Reactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Powdered Activated Carbon: A Promising Adsorbent for Water Treatment?

Lompe¹,

Ménard

Barbeau

2020

Journal AWWA

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While researchers have been proposing magnetic powdered activated carbon (MPAC) for more than a decade, these materials are not yet commercially available in North America (though they are in Japan). MPAC combines two important characteristics: efficient separation from water using a magnetic field and good adsorption properties for organic micropollutants. The slightly higher costs of MPAC can be offset by its separability and reusability. Easy recirculation of PAC would allow working at high enough PAC age to colonize it with heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria. Magnetic separation of MPAC requires the use of highgradient magnetic separators, which might limit the adsorbent's application to low-flow systems.

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Recent advances on the development and application of magnetic activated carbon and char for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from waters: A review

Cited by 121 publications

References 55 publications

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Metal-Loaded Mesoporous MCM-41 for the Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation (CWPO) of Acetaminophen

Magnetic Powdered Activated Carbon: A Promising Adsorbent for Water Treatment?

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