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This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging applications of stimuli‐responsive hydrogels in 3D printing, emphasizing their transformative potential in creating adaptive and multifunctional structures. Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels, including magneto‐, thermo‐, pH‐, moisture‐, solvent‐, and photo‐responsive varieties, have gained significant attention due to their ability to undergo dynamic changes in response to specific environmental stimuli. The review begins by exploring the fundamental characteristics and fabrication methods of hydrogels used in additive manufacturing, highlighting their exceptional adaptability and programmability. It then delves into various applications across diverse fields, including soft robotics, tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, wearable electronics, food technology, electromagnetic interference shielding, and anti‐counterfeiting technologies. By integrating the latest advancements in 3D printing techniques, this review aims to offer insights into how stimuli‐responsive hydrogels are enabling the development of innovative, intelligent, and environmentally responsive systems. The future perspectives section discusses challenges and opportunities for advancing the use of hydrogels in 3D printing, suggesting directions for future research that could push the boundaries of functional materials and programmable structures.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging applications of stimuli‐responsive hydrogels in 3D printing, emphasizing their transformative potential in creating adaptive and multifunctional structures. Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels, including magneto‐, thermo‐, pH‐, moisture‐, solvent‐, and photo‐responsive varieties, have gained significant attention due to their ability to undergo dynamic changes in response to specific environmental stimuli. The review begins by exploring the fundamental characteristics and fabrication methods of hydrogels used in additive manufacturing, highlighting their exceptional adaptability and programmability. It then delves into various applications across diverse fields, including soft robotics, tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, wearable electronics, food technology, electromagnetic interference shielding, and anti‐counterfeiting technologies. By integrating the latest advancements in 3D printing techniques, this review aims to offer insights into how stimuli‐responsive hydrogels are enabling the development of innovative, intelligent, and environmentally responsive systems. The future perspectives section discusses challenges and opportunities for advancing the use of hydrogels in 3D printing, suggesting directions for future research that could push the boundaries of functional materials and programmable structures.
This work presents a review of the therapeutic modalities and approaches for cancer treatment.
Cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and remains a global health challenge affecting millions of human lives worldwide. Despite advancements in conventional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, the rise of multidrug resistance, tumor recurrence, and their severe side effects and the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) necessitates innovative therapeutic approaches. Recently, stimulus-responsive nanomedicines designed to target TME characteristics (e.g., pH alterations, redox conditions, enzyme secretion) have gained attention for their potential to enhance anticancer efficacy while minimizing the adverse effects of chemotherapeutics/bioactive compounds. Among the various nanocarriers, hydrogels are intriguing due to their high-water content, adjustable mechanical characteristics, and responsiveness to external and internal stimuli, making them promising candidates for cancer therapy. These properties make hydrogels an ideal nanocarrier for controlled drug release within the TME. This review comprehensively surveys the latest advancements in the area of stimulus-responsive hydrogels for cancer therapy, exploring various stimuli-responsive mechanisms, including biological (e.g., pH, redox), chemical (e.g., enzymes, glucose), and physical (e.g., temperature, light), as well as dual- or multi-stimuli responsiveness. Furthermore, this review addresses the current developments and challenges in hydrogels in cancer treatment. Our aim is to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of stimulus-responsive hydrogels for cancer treatment, offering novel perspectives on their development for cancer therapy and other medical applications.
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