Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review

Ketney, Otto; Santini, Antonello; Oancea, Simona

doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12382

Cited by 71 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…1 The relationship between milk type and levels of AFM 1 was found to be significant at (P < 0.01). The level of AFM 1 contamination in milk and dairy products may depend on many factors, such as geographical location, seasonal effects and milk type [28]. Based on our results, the mean value of AFM 1 contamination was found to be 19.54 ng/L in all milk samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Turkoglu

Keyvan

2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background:Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), which has been found in milk and dairy products, is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB 1 . Aflatoxin M 1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also been receiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk. Materials, Methods & Results:In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35 UHT) to identify AFM 1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels of AFM 1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifuged in order to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette. The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM 1 in the milk samples was analyzed by AFM 1 test kit. The milk samples with AFM 1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analyses of OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturer's instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate. The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm. The mean value of AFM 1 was found to be 19.54 ng/L in the milk samples. According to the European Commission (EC), the maximum limit for AFM 1 in milk is 50 ng/L. In our study, eight (7.61%) of the 105 samples exceeded this limit. The mean value of OTA was found to be 119 ng/L in the milk samples. The relationship between milk type and levels of AFM 1 was found to be significant at (P < 0.01). The mean value of AFM 1 in pasteurized milk was found statistically significant and lower than raw milk (P < 0.05). The difference between levels of OTA and milk type was not statistically significant at (P > 0.05). Discussion: Milk is a great protein source especially for children in the age of growth. Yeasts such as Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium produce mycotoxins that cause food, feed contamination. Owing to carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects of AFM 1 , presence of AFM 1 in milk samples may adversely affect human health. The presence of AFM 1 in different contamination levels can be observed in milk and milk products. Factors such as ration type, climate conditions, feed storage conditions, feeding regime and health status of dairy animals may be effective in the occurrenc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Turkoglu

Keyvan

2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Numerous researchers from different countries have indicated that AFM1 causes various health risk when people consume MDPs (Li et al, 2017;Ketney et al, 2017). Mean AFM1 levels in raw milk samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia are 6.22 ng/kg and 5.65 ng/kg, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results are consistent with those of this study reporting that AFM1 levels of 40.0% of the samples range from 2.46 to 35.00 ng/kg. AFM1 levels vary according to various elements such as region, season, cheese-making procedures, analytical method and conditions of cheese ripening (Fallah et al, 2009;Ketney et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, white cheese, kashar and butter from Sakarya, Turkey

Yılmaz

Altinci

2019

Food Sci. Technol

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The purpose of this research is to determine the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 104 samples of milk, white cheese, kashar and butter in Sakarya, Turkey. Followed by immunoaffinity column (OAC) purification, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detection method was implemented to analyze the samples. Results show that 61.5% of milk, 40% of white cheese, 65.4% of kashar and 29.6% of butter contains AFM1. On 53 of samples (50.96%) are not determined AFM1. The amount of AFM1 in 51 samples (49.04%) ranges from 2.4 to 47.8 ng/L/kg. AFM1 levels do not exceed the limit set by Turkish regulations (50 ng/L/kg). However, the incidence of AFM1 contamination is a potential health risk for customers, particularly for children and infants. These results emphasize the significance of constant monitoring of AFM1 levels in milk and dairy products (MDPs) in Sakarya, Turkey.Keywords: aflatoxin M1, milk, white cheese, kashar, HPLC, fluorescence detection.Practical Application: Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 levels in milk and dairy products.

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“…[5]. This metabolite is thermally resistant and is not completely inactivated after pasteurization, sterilization, or other milk treatment processes, and thus could represent a public health concern [6]. Consequently, the Commission Regulation (EC), No.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve this purpose, analytical methods must provide enough sensibility to reach the maximum limits that have been set by the Commission Regulation. In this sense, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, for multi-mycotoxin analysis in milk, have been reported in the literature [6,22,23]. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in evaluating the capability of the high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for multi-mycotoxin analysis because it provides not only a high resolution and accuracy mass results, but also a high sensibility and complementary structural information when compared with other MS detectors [21,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of AFB1 and AFM1 in Milk Samples by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Milk is the world's most consumed beverage, not counting water. Even though investigations on milk aflatoxin (AF) M1 contamination are regularly conducted, there is limited information on the contamination of milk with its parent compound, AFB1. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based method for the simultaneous analysis of AFB1 and AFM1 in milk, using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The recoveries were in a range of 75-96% at 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05 µg/L spiking levels, with repeatability and reproducibility results expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 7% and 16%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.001 and 0.002 µg/L for AFM1 and AFB1, respectively. The LODs and LOQs that were obtained showed the suitability of the developed method for the determination of trace amounts of the selected mycotoxins in milk samples, and were up to ten times lower than those that had been reported in previous works using triple quadrupole mass analyzers. The matrix effect was evaluated and matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantification. The validated method was applied to 40 Italian milk samples. Neither AFB1 nor AFM1 were found above the LOD in any of the analyzed samples.

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Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review

Cited by 71 publications

References 112 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Incidence of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, white cheese, kashar and butter from Sakarya, Turkey

Simultaneous Determination of AFB1 and AFM1 in Milk Samples by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

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