Recent applications of SEM and AFM for assessing topography of metal and related coatings — a review

Smith, James R.; Larson, Clive; Campbell, S. A.

doi:10.1179/174591910x12922367327388

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…In this regard, the use of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is presented below, as these methods can characterize bioactive coatings and provide insight into their chemical composition [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. The employment of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 3D-tomography is also reviewed as they can provide visual information regarding the topography and morphology of such coatings [ 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Moreover, the use of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is presented as this technique provides information regarding the material adsorption/desorption [ 52 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

Kravanja

Finšgar

2021

Biomedicines

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The development of bioactive coatings for orthopedic implants has been of great interest in recent years in order to achieve both early- and long-term osseointegration. Numerous bioactive materials have been investigated for this purpose, along with loading coatings with therapeutic agents (active compounds) that are released into the surrounding media in a controlled manner after surgery. This review initially focuses on the importance and usefulness of characterization techniques for bioactive coatings, allowing the detailed evaluation of coating properties and further improvements. Various advanced analytical techniques that have been used to characterize the structure, interactions, and morphology of the designed bioactive coatings are comprehensively described by means of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 3D tomography, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), coating adhesion, and contact angle (CA) measurements. Secondly, the design of controlled-release systems, the determination of drug release kinetics, and recent advances in drug release from bioactive coatings are addressed as the evaluation thereof is crucial for improving the synthesis parameters in designing optimal bioactive coatings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

Kravanja

Finšgar

2021

Biomedicines

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“…17 The morphology of the resveratrol-loaded lipid nanoparticles determined by cryo-SEM is shown in Figure 1. The images reveal that the SLNs (A) and NLCs (B) loaded with resveratrol were almost spherical and uniform in shape with smooth surfaces.…”

Section: Morphology Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance its oral bioavailability

Neves¹,

Lúcio²,

Martins³

et al. 2013

IJN

138

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Introduction:Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in grapes and red wines. Interest in this polyphenol has increased due to its pharmacological cardio-and neuroprotective, chemopreventive, and antiaging effects, among others. Nevertheless, its pharmacokinetic properties are less favorable, since the compound has poor bioavailability, low water solubility, and is chemically unstable. To overcome these problems, we developed two novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance resveratrol's oral bioavailability for further use in medicines, supplements, and nutraceuticals. Methods and materials: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with resveratrol were successfully produced by a modified hot homogenization technique. These were completely characterized to evaluate the quality of the developed resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles. Results: Cryo-scanning electron microscopy morphology studies showed spherical and uniform nanoparticles with a smooth surface. An average resveratrol entrapment efficiency of ∼70% was obtained for both SLNs and NLCs. Dynamic light scattering measurements gave a Z-average of 150-250 nm, polydispersity index of ∼0.2, and a highly negative zeta potential of around −30 mV with no statistically significant differences in the presence of resveratrol. These characteristics remained unchanged for at least 2 months, suggesting good stability. Differential scanning calorimetry studies confirmed the solid state of the SLNs and NLCs at both room and body temperatures. The NLCs had a less ordered crystalline structure conferred by the inclusion of the liquid lipid, since they had lower values for phase transition temperature, melting enthalpy, and the recrystallization index. The presence of resveratrol induced a disorder in the crystal structure of the nanoparticles, suggesting a favoring of its entrapment. The in vitro release studies on conditions of storage showed a negligible resveratrol release over several hours for both nanosystems and the in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal transit showed that the resveratrol remained mostly associated with the lipid nanoparticles after their incubation in digestive fluids. Conclusion: Both nanodelivery systems can be considered suitable carriers for oral administration, conferring protection to the incorporated resveratrol and allowing a controlled release after uptake.

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“…Standard methods for measuring surface roughness include using the values R a or R q . 48 Both of these measurements are based on the deviation of the sample from the mean height. In this case the biggest contributor to the values of R a and R q are the electroless Ni nodules which have a variation in height of up to 1 µm.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au⁺in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

Ballantyne

Forrest

Frisch

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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In this study we compare the electrochemical and structural properties of three gold salts AuCl, AuCN and KAu(CN)2 in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) electrolyte (Ethaline 200) in order to elucidate factors affecting the galvanic deposition of gold coatings on nickel substrates. A chemically reversible diffusion limited response was observed for AuCl, whereas AuCN and KAu(CN)2 showed much more complicated, kinetically limited responses. Galvanic exchange reactions were performed on nickel substrates from DES solutions of the three gold salts; the AuCN gave a bright gold coating, the KAu(CN)2 solution give a visibly thin coating, whilst the coating from AuCl was dull, friable and poorly adhesive. This behaviour was rationalised by the differing speciation for each of these compounds, as evidenced by EXAFS methods. Analysis of EXAFS data shows that AuCl forms the chlorido-complex [AuCl2] − , AuCN forms a mixed [AuCl(CN)] − species, whereas KAu(CN)2 maintains its [Au(CN)2] − structure. The more labile Cl − enables easier reduction of Au when compared to the tightly bound cyanide species, hence leading to slower kinetics of deposition and differing electrochemical behaviour. We conclude that metal speciation in DESs is a function of the initial metal salt and that this has a strong influence on the mechanism and rate of growth, as well as on the morphology of the metal deposit obtained. In addition, these coatings are also extremely promising from a technological perspective as Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) finishes in the printed circuit board (PCB) industry, where the elimination of acid in gold plating formulation could potentially lead to more reliable coatings. Consequently, these results are both significant and timely. IntroductionGold plating processes are widely used in the materials finishing, decorative and electronics industries due to their high reliability, electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. 1 The key characteristic feature of these noble metal coatings is the lack of insulating surface oxides. 2 Electrolytic, 3 electroless, 4 and immersion plating 5 are the three common electrochemical methods used for the coating of conducting substrates with gold films. In each of these processes the conventional/commercial plating bath chemistry is dominated by the choice of the dicyanidoaurate anion [Au(CN) 2 ] − as the gold source 6 due to its high stability 7 and the ability to yield fine grained deposits. 8 In electroplating experiments, acidic plating baths around pH 5 are used to produce soft gold coatings, whilst alkaline and neutral baths are used to produce hard gold. 8 However, there are significant safety concerns, as well as issues regarding the disposal of waste, where cyanide based processes are present. In addition, the requirement of large negative reduction potentials can also lead to the coreduction of hydrogen ions. 9 As such, there have been cyanide free gold plating solutions developed, primarily based upon sulphite and thiosulfate complexes, however these are limited to...

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Recent applications of SEM and AFM for assessing topography of metal and related coatings — a review

Cited by 20 publications

References 91 publications

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

Novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance its oral bioavailability

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au⁺in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

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Recent applications of SEM and AFM for assessing topography of metal and related coatings — a review

Cited by 20 publications

References 91 publications

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

Novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance its oral bioavailability

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au+in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

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Electrochemistry and speciation of Au⁺in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings