Recent Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is one of the most popular sample preparation methods which can be applied to organic compounds allowing the simultaneous extraction and pre-concentration of analytes from the sample matrix. It is based on the partitioning of the analyte between the extracting phase, generally immobilized on a fiber substrate, and the matrix (water, air, etc.), and has numerous advantages such as rapidity, simplicity, low cost, ease of use and automation, and absence of toxic solvents. Fiber SPME has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumentation even if most of the work has been done coupling the extraction technique with gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC). This manuscript presents an overview of the recent works (from 2010 to date) of solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography (SPME-LC) relevant to analytical applications performed using commercially available fibers or lab-made fibers already developed in previous papers, and to improved instrumental systems and approaches.

Analysis of Volatiles in Food Products

“…SPME has been broadly employed in a sequence of several analytical techniques: capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas chromatography (GC), inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP-MS), ICP-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and mass spectrometry (MS) [49,100]. Not frequently liquid chromatography (LC) was applied to analyze volatile compounds [101]. Moreover, various detectors are applied, e.g., universal flame ionization (FID) or selective detectors, e.g., nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD), flame photometric (FPD), electron capture (ECD) detectors.…”

Development of novel thin‐film solid‐phase microextraction materials based on deep eutectic solvents for preconcentration of trace amounts of parabens in surface waters

“…In this study, the analytical signal gradually increased to 0.06 g/mL NaCl and then decreased (Figure 5C). The deterioration in efficiency occurred because the salt increased the viscosity of the 1 Grzymisławskie Lake, 2 Kórnickie Lake, 3 Biezdruchowo Lake, 4 Maltańskie Lake, 5 Cybina River, 6 Warta River.…”

“…Extending the desorption time in SPME reduces not only the transfer and memory effects of adsorbed analytes on the coating material but also the time in which the coating material can be used for subsequent analyzes. The desorption time was analyzed at seven different time points (2,4,6,8,10,12, and 15 min). The influence of desorption time is shown in Figure 5D.…”

“…After the adsorption of the analytes, the fiber is placed in the measurement device, most often a gas chromatograph where the thermal desorption of the analytes from the fiber takes place [3]. The second possibility is to desorb the analytes from the fiber in a solvent, and then the sample is subjected to analysis using HPLC [4] or CE [5]. Importantly, the solvent‐free nature of adsorption, the use of little or no solvent in the desorption stage, and the possibility of multiple uses of the fiber are crucial from the point of view of green analytical chemistry [6].…”

Solventless Microextration Techniques for Pharmaceutical Analysis: The Greener Solution

“…Pharmaceuticals and biological materials are complex and may contain acids, bases, salts, biomolecules, and other additives with comparable properties to the analytes of interest that areactive ingredients and metabolites acting as interfering compounds ( Ebele et al, 2017 ). Generally, sampling and sample preparation steps make up more than 80% of the total time of analysis, and these are very crucial steps in determining the success of the analysis of the compounds of interest in complex matrices such as biological samples, for instance, plasma, urine, sputum, oral fluid, and whole blood ( Abuzar et al, 2017 ) or water, soil, and food samples ( Zambonin and Aresta, 2021 ). Thus, it is not amplification when saying that the choice of a proper sample preparation method significantly affects the reliability and accuracy of the analysis in addition to its greenness and sustainability profiles.…”