Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length

Markus, T.; Stroeve, Julienne; Miller, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1029/2009jc005436

Cited by 601 publications

(710 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Air and surface temperatures rose to 08C on 20 May at APLIS and remained near the freezing point until 1 June, with the first melt ponds appearing in the imagery on 26 May. The date of pond onset is somewhat consistent with the passive microwave melt product, which showed the date of the first melt of the season, occurring on 29 May (Figure 1) [Markus et al, 2009]. At SHEBA, melt onset was observed after a rain event on May 29.…”

Section: Seasonal Melt Pond Evolution: Aplis Versus Shebasupporting

confidence: 57%

“…By September, the APLIS site had become 100% open water, while SHEBA had a 15% increase in newly formed thin, or young, ice. According to the passive microwave melt product, early autumn freezeup began at APLIS on September 25, approximately one month later than the observed freezeup at SHEBA [Markus et al, 2009]. Interestingly, in 1998, sea ice at the location of the 2011 APLIS site also completely melted.…”

Section: Seasonal Melt Pond Evolution: Aplis Versus Shebamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melt onset and freeze events were identified using a combination of SVP, Ice Mass Balance (IMB) [Perovich et al, 2013], and UpTempO temperature data (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/UpTempO/). The passive microwave melt product was also used to help identify melt onset and freezeup at the 2011 site [Markus et al, 2009]. 3. Methods 3.1.…”

Section: Airborne and In Situ Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice

et al. 2015

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The seasonal evolution of melt ponds has been well documented on multiyear and landfast first‐year sea ice, but is critically lacking on drifting, first‐year sea ice, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in the Arctic. Using 1 m resolution panchromatic satellite imagery paired with airborne and in situ data, we evaluated melt pond evolution for an entire melt season on drifting first‐year and multiyear sea ice near the 2011 Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station (APLIS) site in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. A new algorithm was developed to classify the imagery into sea ice, thin ice, melt pond, and open water classes on two contrasting ice types: first‐year and multiyear sea ice. Surprisingly, melt ponds formed ∼3 weeks earlier on multiyear ice. Both ice types had comparable mean snow depths, but multiyear ice had 0–5 cm deep snow covering ∼37% of its surveyed area, which may have facilitated earlier melt due to its low surface albedo compared to thicker snow. Maximum pond fractions were 53 ± 3% and 38 ± 3% on first‐year and multiyear ice, respectively. APLIS pond fractions were compared with those from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field campaign. APLIS exhibited earlier melt and double the maximum pond fraction, which was in part due to the greater presence of thin snow and first‐year ice at APLIS. These results reveal considerable differences in pond formation between ice types, and underscore the importance of snow depth distributions in the timing and progression of melt pond formation.

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Section: Seasonal Melt Pond Evolution: Aplis Versus Shebasupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Seasonal Melt Pond Evolution: Aplis Versus Shebamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Airborne and In Situ Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice

et al. 2015

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“…Also, atmospheric and ocean warming are altering the onset, extent, and duration of seasonal sea ice (Smith et al, , 2014bStammerjohn et al, 2008aStammerjohn et al, , 2008bMarkus et al, 2009;Turner and Overland, 2009;Massom and Stammerjohn, 2010;Stroeve et al, 2012;Frey et al, 2015). These changes in the physical system are impacting the biological components of polar oceans (e.g., Clarke et al, 2007;Van Dijken, 2011, 2015;Constable et al, 2014;Gutt et al, 2015).…”

Section: Climate Warming Advection and Responses Of Polar Marine Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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“…Recent warming of the Arctic Ocean has caused reduction in the area of seasonal sea ice cover; its early break-up in spring and delayed freezing in fall (e.g., Stroeve et al 2007;Comiso et al 2008;Markus et al 2009). Thus, Arctic Ocean ecosystems are facing drastic modification because of these changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in phytoplankton community structure during wind-induced fall bloom on the central Chukchi shelf

et al. 2018

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The recent increasing of atmospheric turbulence has had considerable impact on the oceanic environment and ecosystems of the Arctic. To understand its effect on phytoplankton community structure, a Eulerian fixed-point observation (FPO) was conducted on the Chukchi shelf in fall 2013. Temporal and vertical distributions of the phytoplankton community were inferred from algal pigment signatures. A strong wind event (SWE) occurred during the observation term, and significant convection supplied nutrients from the bottom layer to the surface. Before the SWE, pigment composition in the warmer, less saline, and nutrient-poor surface waters was diverse with low concentration of chlorophyll-a (chla). Vertical mixing induced by the SWE weakened the stratification and brought sufficient nutrients to enhance diatom-derived pigment concentrations (e.g., fucoxanthin and chlc3), suggesting increases in diatoms. We also developed a model to predict the distribution of major phytoplankton pigment/chla ratios using a profiling multi-wavelength fluorometer (Multi-Exciter) with higher spatio-temporal resolution. The Multi-Exciter also captured changes in pigment composition with environmental changes at the FPO site and at four observation sites 16 km from the location of the FPO. Furthermore, we investigated the change in grazing rates of the major Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis copepodid stage five to assess the interaction between primary and secondary producers during the fall bloom. Increased diatom biomass caused a significant increase in the grazing rate on microphytoplankton (> 20 µm) and a decrease on nanophytoplankton (2-20 µm), indicative of a strong cascade effect because of the reduction of microzooplankton due to the grazing from C. glacialis. We conclude that SWEs during fall might affect food webs via the alternation of seasonal succession of phytoplankton community structure.

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Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length

Cited by 601 publications

References 29 publications

Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice

Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Changes in phytoplankton community structure during wind-induced fall bloom on the central Chukchi shelf

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