Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases

Abstract

Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs—licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.

Real-Time Analysis of Antiproliferative Effects of Mouthwashes Containing Alcohol, Sodium Fluoride, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, and Chlorhexidine In Vitro

“…Inorganic and organic fluorides can be found in many dental products [2,5]. The most commonly used fluoride derivative in mouthwashes is sodium fluoride (NaF) [28,29].…”

An Innovative Strategy for Oral Biofilm Control in Early Childhood Based on a Resveratrol-Cyclodextrin Nanotechnology Approach

“…Unfortunately, it is difficult to find products suitable for pediatric patients. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is considered as the “gold standard” of oral antiseptics for its antimicrobial activity, low toxicity and high substantivity [ 32 ]. Nevertheless, CHX can lead to numerous side effects, such as the pigmentation of the dental surfaces and the mucous membranes, burning sensation, and alteration of taste resulting in a strong negative impact on patient’s compliance [ 33 ].…”

Effect of Pudilan Keyanning antibacterial mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation in patients during periodontal maintenance phase: study protocol for double-blind, randomised clinical trial

“…[21][22][23] As an active ingredient, CPC has been added to a variety of commercial mouthwash products, and 0.03%-0.06% CPC in mouthwash shows satisfactory safety. [24][25][26] Other excipients are added according to national standards or industrial standards, which have been commonly used in mouthwash preparation.…”

“…Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the mesial buccal and mesial lingual sites of 16,26,36,46,11, and 31 at baseline, and 4 and 6 weeks. After isolating the area with cotton rolls and gently air-drying it, supragingival deposits were carefully removed with a Gracey curette.…”