Recent Development of Cardiac Troponin I Detection

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has threatened human lives for decades, and a technique for estimating and healing is still needed. There has been increasing interest in finding CVD diagnostic biomarkers to predict risk. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has proven to be a significant biomarker for acute myocardial infarction detection. An immunoassay based biosensor for cTnI can play an important role in diagnosis of CVD. Over the past decades, various methodologies regarding cTnI detection have been studied, including colorimetric, fluorescence, paramagnetic, electrochemical, and surface plasmon resonance. This review will focus more on recent strategies about surface immobilized cTnI detection.

Nanomaterials‐based Electrochemical Sensing of Cardiac Biomarkers for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Recent Progress

“…In most cases, the accurate identification of AMI is challenged by the confusion between the symptoms of AMI and those of stomach gastritis disease [4]. Another challenge is that the electrocardiogram, the method currently used to diagnose the cardiac injuries at the emergency department, has low sensitivity and limitations [5]. The alternate strategy is the use of cardiac biomarkers because of their effectiveness to indicate pathogenic processes from different diseases [5,6].…”

“…The relationship between the high levels of cardiac biomarkers and damages of cardiac myocytes has been discovered in recent years [4]. When myocyte dies, the biomarker proteins and other proteins in the cytoplasm leave the cell more rapidly than the ones in living cells [5]. These biomarkers are released into the bloodstream and the detection of their small changes in the blood can help to rapidly and correctly diagnose the corresponding disease [4,5].…”

“…When myocyte dies, the biomarker proteins and other proteins in the cytoplasm leave the cell more rapidly than the ones in living cells [5]. These biomarkers are released into the bloodstream and the detection of their small changes in the blood can help to rapidly and correctly diagnose the corresponding disease [4,5]. Currently, the important cardiac biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI are cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT), myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), thrombin, and heart fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) [2][3]8].…”

“…Those methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence, chemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric assay, electrochemical sensors, etc. [5,9]. However, some of the conventional methods mostly used for detecting cardiac biomarkers have various limitations, such as low sensitivity, time-consuming, high cost, technically complicated and sometimes require sophisticated equipment which are not available in each hospital and diagnostic laboratory [10].…”

Biocompatible and blood–brain barrier permeable carbon dots for inhibition of Aβ fibrillation and toxicity, and BACE1 activity

“…18,19 With either a top-down or bottom-up strategy, the prepared C-Dots exhibit promising applications in bioimaging, 20 optronics, 21 drug delivery, 22 and biosensing 23 . Previously, human transferrin (HT) has been utilized to deliver the C-Dots across the BBB in a zebrafish model.…”