Recent development of pressure retarded osmosis membranes for water and energy sustainability: A critical review

Fluidics for energy harvesting: from nano to milli scales

“…9(a). 74 The Forward osmosis (FO) corresponds to a trivial case where Δ P is zero, indicating no mechanical work in this process. In this case, water flux is driven by the osmotic driving force, penetrating the semipermeable membrane and proceeding to the draw solution side.…”

“…11, a semipermeable membrane is composed of an active layer and a support layer. 74 An ideal membrane is expected to have high water permeability while maintaining a high salt selectivity. However, it was demonstrated in the work of Straub et al the existence of tradeoff between these two factors (Fig.…”

“…85 The mechanical strength of membranes is also the key point for the development of PRO performances and its commercialization. 74…”

Engineering pressure retarded osmosis membrane bioreactor (PRO-MBR) for simultaneous water and energy recovery from municipal wastewater

“…Osmotic energy is generated upon the water passes through semipermeable membrane and mixes with the draw solution in the FO process (R. Pattle, 1954). Recent years, osmotic energy has attracted increasing interest because it is a new clean energy that can be sustainably generated with no constraints of the meteorological and geographical conditions (Einarsson and Wu, 2021;Shi et al, 2021).…”

Electrochemical Driven Phase Segregation Enabled Dual-Ion Removal Battery Deionization Electrode

“…Developing highly efficient desalination techniques is essential for reusing saline water, including seawater, salty groundwater, and industrial brackish wastewater, and for solving the world’s water scarcity problem. , Tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing efficient desalination techniques, including capacitive deionization (CDI), , battery deionization (BDI), reverse osmosis (RO), solar evaporation, electrodialysis, etc. Among all the techniques mentioned above, CDI and BDI are two electrochemical driven techniques under vigorous development in recent years, as they are recognized to provide a sustainable water future benefiting from their low energy consumption .…”